Chronologische Eckwerte der frühen Eisenzeit und der älteren Hallstattzeit zwischen Apennin und Donau. Zur aktuellen Diskussion im Spannungsfeld von nordalpinen Dendrodaten und historischer Datierung des Mittelmeerkulturraumes

The classical chronology drafts elaborated in the middle of the 20th century (H. Müller-Karpe 1959 for Italy and Central Europe; ders. 1962; V. R. d' A. Desborough 1952; especially J. N. Coldstream 1968 for Greece) were emphatically challenged three decades or so ago. On the one hand, the dendrochronological fixation of the northern Alpine "Ha B3" in the 9th century B.C. (formerly: 8th century) required new approaches. On the other hand, in addition to the consequences of the Northern Alpine modification, also in the Mediterranean area scientific dating (mainly radiocarbon dates) cast doubts on the established chronological benchmarks for early Greek pottery and for some regional chronological stages (D. Brandherm 2006; esp. 2008; A. J. Nijboer et al. 1999/2000; A. J. Nijboer 2005; esp. 2013). A first focus (Chap. IV.1.) is devoted to the useful application of the long and extensive series of northern alpine dendro-data. The powerful concept of linking the termination of the Urnfield period with the end of lakeshore and wetland stations around 800 B.C. could be harmonized by Chr. F. E. Pare by means of modified supraregional parallelization with the historical benchmarks of the Mediterranean region, albeit at the price of a contradictory factual situation. The renewed detailed investigation confirmed, however, the continuation of the "Ha B3" until about 720 B.C. (chapter IV.1.A.). The regional chronologies of the "Veneto centrale" and Bologna, which functioned as nodes for the transfer of the dendrodating to the south (chapter IV.1.C.), required beforehand a new relative chronology and a detailed parallelization, which did not promise any success without abandoning the isorhythmic model valid so far (chapter IV.1.B.). For the change from the end of the Urnfield Period to the Older Hallstatt Period resp. from the Italian Early Iron Age to the Orientalizing Period, which is not documented in the northern Alpine dendrochronology, known historical time anchors are available, which - contrary to the criticism of M. Trachsel - could be convincingly confirmed. However, the successful fixation around 720 B.C. required a correction of Trachsel's manipulations of the relative chronological system beforehand (chapter IV.2.). However, a claim to validity of the chronological approaches was still hindered by the partially high radiocarbon dates of the Mediterranean region and the modified interpretation of established historical dates, which can be projected onto the relative sequences of the Apennine Peninsula by means of the widespread and closely datable Greek pottery. The solution of this problem required an argumentatively well-founded decision between the conflicting scientific dating approaches and a clarification of the relationship of the Attic to the Corinthian sequence (chap. IV.3.). The concurrence of the different geometric traditions proposed by J. N. Coldstream had been dissolved by Trachsel and the two major ceramic centers considerably shifted against each other. Since the Corinthian sequence is fixed by the above-mentioned historical time anchors, Trachsel uncoupled the Attic series for the purpose of a nearly one-hundred-year elevation. The re-examination of his concept mainly by means of closed grave finds of central and southern Italy could disprove the questionable shift (chap. IV.3.C.b.). The addition of reliable historical data and the inclusion of two dendrochronological approaches (Poggiomarino; Gordion) resulted in a fixation of the framework of early Greek pottery. For the still remaining éclat in radiocarbon dating in the Mediterranean, based on a difference of up to one hundred years, high quality standards, applied not only to the sample quality itself, but also to the archaeological conditions and to the statistical analysis, finally proved to be the guiding principle. These principles, proposed and implemented by the protagonists of the South Levantine "Low Chronology," yielded, in their data compression in the relative chronological network, time approaches free of contradictions and compatible with the aforementioned historical and dendrochronological benchmarks (Section IV.3.C.a.). The final consolidation of the obtained chronological benchmarks resulted in a dating system free of contradictions (Fig. 247). A more detailed summary of the presented investigations on the Early Iron Age chronology is offered in chap. V.1. which opens up the individual discussions of the dissertation paper in detail. Historical consequences of the obtained chronological approaches are additionally discussed in chapters IV.1.D.; IV.2.E.; IV.3.D.