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Titel:Systematic Correlation of Structural, Thermodynamic and Residual Solvation Properties of Hydrophobic Substituents in Hydrophobic Pockets Using Thermolysin as a Case Study
Autor:Krimmer, Stefan Günter
Weitere Beteiligte: Klebe, Gerhard (Prof. Dr.)
Veröffentlicht:2017
URI:https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2017/0221
URN: urn:nbn:de:hebis:04-z2017-02210
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17192/z2017.0221
DDC:540 Chemie
Titel (trans.):Systematische Korrelation der Eigenschaft von Struktur, Thermodynamik und der Solvathülle von Hydrophoben Substituenten in Hydrophoben Taschen unter Verwendung von Thermolysin als Fallbeispiel
Publikationsdatum:2017-11-09
Lizenz:https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/

Dokument

Schlagwörter:

Summary:
Water molecules participate besides protein and ligand as an additional binding partner in every in vivo protein–ligand binding process. The displacement of water molecules from apolar surfaces of solutes is considered the driving force of the hydrophobic effect. It is generally assumed that the mobility of the water molecules increases through the displacement, and, as a consequence, entropy increases. This explanation, which is based on experiments with simple model systems, is, however, insufficient to describe the hydrophobic effect as part of the highly complex protein–ligand complex formation process. For instance, the displacement of water molecules from apolar surfaces that already exhibit an increased mobility before their displacement can result in an enthalpic advantage. Furthermore, it has to be considered that by the formation of the protein–ligand complex a new solvent-exposed surface is created, around which water molecules have to rearrange. The present thesis focuses on the impact of the latter effect on the thermodynamic and kinetic binding properties of a given ligand. A congeneric ligand series comprised of nine ligands binding to the model protein thermolysin (TLN) was analyzed to determine the impact of the rearrangement of water molecules around the surface of a newly formed protein–ligand complex on the thermodynamic binding properties of a ligand. The protein–ligand complexes were characterized structurally by X-ray crystallography and thermodynamically by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The only structural difference between the ligands was their strictly apolar P2’ substituent, which changed in size from a methyl to a phenylethyl group. The P2’ group interacts with the flat, apolar, and well-solvated S2’ pocket of TLN. Depending on the bound ligand, the solvent-exposed surface of the protein–ligand complex changes. The ITC measurements revealed strong thermodynamic differences between the different ligands. The structural analysis showed ligand-coating water networks pronounced to varying degrees. A pronounced water network clearly correlated with a favorable enthalpic and less favorable entropic term, and overall resulted in an affinity gain. Based on these results, new P2’ substituents were rationally designed with the aim to achieve stronger stabilization of the adjacent water networks and thereby further increase ligand affinity. First, the quality of the putative water networks was validated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Subsequently, the proposed ligands were synthesized, crystallized in complex with TLN, and analyzed thermodynamically. Additionally, a kinetic characterization using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was performed. The crystallographically determined water networks adjacent to the P2’ substituents were in line with their predictions conducted by MD simulations. The ligands showed increasingly pronounced water networks as well as a slight enthalpy-drive affinity increase compared to the ligands from the initial study. The ligand with the highest affinity showed an almost perfect water network as well as a significantly reduced dissociation constant. To analyze the influence of the ligand-coating water networks on the kinetic binding properties of a ligand, seventeen congeneric TLN ligands exhibiting different P2’ groups were kinetically (by SPR) and crystallographically characterized. The different degree of the water network stabilization showed only a minor influence on the binding kinetic properties. By contrast, the strength of the interaction between the ligand and Asn112 proved crucial for the magnitude of the dissociation rate constant. A strong interaction resulted in a considerably prolonged residence time of the ligand by hindering TLN to undergo a conformational transition that is necessary for ligand release. In the last study, the reason for the exceptionally high affinity gain for addressing the deep, apolar S1’ pocket of TLN with apolar ligand portions was investigated. Therefore, a congeneric TLN ligand series substituted with differently large apolar P1’ substituents (ranging from a single hydrogen atom to an iso-butyl group) was analyzed. The exchange of the hydrogen atom at the P1’ position with a single methyl group already results in a 100-fold affinity increase of the ligand. To elucidate the molecular mechanism behind this considerable affinity gain, the solvation state of the S1’ pocket was carefully analyzed. The results strongly indicate that the S1’ pocket is completely free of the presence of any water molecules. Thus, the huge affinity gain was attributed to the absence of an energetically costly desolvation step. The data presented in this thesis show that to describe the thermodynamic signature of the hydrophobic effect it is necessary to explicitly consider the change of the thermodynamic properties of every involved water molecule. Solely considering the buried apolar surface area and assigning an entropic term to it is not sufficient. The increasing stabilization of the water network adjacent to the protein-bound ligand represents a promising approach — quite independent of specific properties of the target protein — to optimize the thermodynamic profile of a given ligand. This approach also allows fine-tuning of the kinetic binding parameters.

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