Publikationsserver der Universitätsbibliothek Marburg
Titel:Die dopaminerge Verankerung der Extraversion: Mechanismen und EEG-Indikatoren
Autor:Chavanon, Mira-Lynn
Weitere Beteiligte: Stemmler, Gerhard (Prof. Dr.)
Veröffentlicht:2011
URI:https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2011/0463
URN: urn:nbn:de:hebis:04-z2011-04637
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17192/z2011.0463
DDC: Psychologie
Titel (trans.):Dopaminergic basis of extraversion: mechanisms and electrocortical signatures
Publikationsdatum:2011-08-10
Lizenz:https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/

Dokument

Schlagwörter:
Elektroencephalogramm, Extraversion, Dopamin, dopamine, electroencephalography, extraversion

Zusammenfassung:
In der neuropsychobiologischen Theorie der Extraversion postulieren Depue und Collins (1999), dass die agentische Facette der Extraversion (i.e., Durchsetzungsvermögen, positive Emotionalität, Ehrgeiz, Dominanz) mit funktionalen Eigenschaften des mesocorticolimbischen Dopaminsystems zusammenhängt und dies zu beobachtbaren interindividuellen Unterschieden in Anreizmotivation, positiv-gefärbten emotionalen Erleben und kognitiv-behavioraler Flexibilität führt. Obwohl diese Theorie oft zitiert wird, fehlt es im Humanbereich an Studien, die die Kernannahmen der Theorie prüfen. Dies ist zu großem Maß der Tatsache geschuldet, dass ökonomische, non-invasive physiologische sowie behaviorale Maße fehlen, die sowohl sensitiv für Extraversion als auch für pharmakologische Manipulationen der dopaminergen Aktivität sind. Eine kürzlich erschienene pharmakologische Studie von Wacker, Chavanon und Stemmler (2006) ging dieses Problem an und fand, dass im Elektroenzephalogramm (EEG) die posteriore vs. anteriore Theta-Aktivität (4 – 8 Hz), die unter Ruhebedingungen aufgezeichnet wurde, sowohl sensitiv für Unterschiede zwischen hoch und niedrig Extravertierten als auch sensitiv für den selektiven D2-Rezeptor-Antagonisten Sulpirid war. Während hoch Extravertierte unter Placebo-Gabe eine stärker posterior gelagerte Theta-Aktivität als Introvertierte aufwiesen, zeigte sich nach der Einnahme von Sulpirid ein genau umgekehrtes Befundmuster. Neben diesem viel versprechenden EEG-Marker, gibt es Forschungsbefunde, die darauf hinweisen, dass auf der kognitiv-behavioralen Ebene das Arbeitsgedächtnis ein mögliches Korrelat der agentischen Extraversion sein könnte. Die vorliegende Dissertation betrachtet das Arbeitsgedächtnis (Studie 1) und den möglichen dopaminergen Indikator posteriore vs. anteriore Theta-Aktvität (Studien 2 und 3). Studie 1 untersuchte 40 männliche Probanden, die entweder extrem hohe oder niedrige Werte in agentischer Extraversion aufwiesen, mit einem n-back-Arbeitsgedächtnisparadigma, wobei die Probanden zuvor einer von zwei Substanzbedingungen zugeordnet wurden (Placebo vs. 200 mg Sulpird, doppelblind). Die Ergebnisse sprechen für eine dopaminerge Verbindung zwischen agentischer Extraversion und Arbeitsgedächtnis. Studie 2 betrachtete die posteriore vs. anteriore Theta-Aktivität genauer. Obwohl dieses Maß robust Assoziationen mit agentischer Extraversion aufweist, sind die neuralen Quellen unbekannt. Aufgrund von Imaging- und EEG-Studien scheint der anteriore cinguläre Cortex (ACC) als ein mögliches Substrat plausibel. Zur Prüfung dieser Hypothese wurde das Ruhe-EEG bei 78 hoch vs. niedrig extravertierte, männliche Probanden quellenlokalisiert. Unterschiede zwischen hoch und niedrig Extravertierten in der intrazerebralen Theta-Aktivität wurden innerhalb des rostralen ACCs lokalisiert. Der posteriore vs. anteriore Theta-Index korreliert hoch mit der Theta-Aktivität im rostralen ACC. Studie 3 beschäftigte sich mit der Replikation und Erweiterung der bisherigen Arbeiten zur posterioren vs. anterioren Theta-Aktivität. Insbesondere ging diese Studie der Frage nach, welche Mechanismen extraversionsabhängigen dopaminergen Substanzeffekten zugrunde liegen, die z.B. im Rahmen der Studie von Wacker et al. (2006) zu beobachten waren. Drei mögliche Mechanismen wurden identifiziert und in einer Studie gegeneinander geprüft: (1) eine umgekehrt U-förmiges Dosis-Wirkungs-Modell, (2) individuelle Unterschiede in den Zeitverläufen von Substanzeffekten und (3) individuelle Unterschiede in der Responsivität auf prä- vs. postsynaptische Substanzeffekte. Um diese unterschiedlichen Mechanismen gegeneinander abwägen zu können, wurden 80 hoch vs. niedrig extravertierte, männliche Probanden in einer randomisierten, doppelblinden Versuchsanordnung einer von vier Substanzbedingungen zugeordnet (Placebo, 50, 200, 400 mg Sulpirid). Nach Einnahme der Substanzen wurde über einen Zeitraum von 4.5 Stunden das Ruhe-EEG stündlich abgeleitet. Neben der erfolgreichen Replikation der Befunde von Wacker et al. (2006) zeigten die Analysen, dass die zeit- und dosis-abhängigen Verläufe am besten mit einem Modell differentieller prä- vs. postsynaptischer Substanzeffekte erklärt werden. Insgesamt kann die vorliegende Dissertation eine Vielzahl unterstützender Belege für die Annahme einer dopaminerg-basierten agentischen Extraversion vorlegen sowie die posteriore vs. anteriore Theta-Aktivität als einen reliablen, dosis-sensitiven und direkten biologischen Indikator der Dopamin-D2-Aktivität validieren. Dieses einfache und ökonomisch zu erhebende Maß spiegelt – zumindest teilweise – die Funktionen der rostralen ACC generierten Theta-Aktivität wider und ist sowohl sensitiv für die prä- als auch die postsynaptischen Effekte von Sulpirid. Beispiele für die vielfältigen Implikationen und Anwendungen der Befunde werden diskutiert.

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