Psychophysik application/pdf Elektrophysiologie opus:4510 Spatio-temporal representations during eye movements and their neuronal correlates 2012-09-27 monograph 2012 Knöll, Jonas Knöll Jonas Fachbereich Physik contrast detection saccade doctoralThesis urn:nbn:de:hebis:04-z2012-09359 https://doi.org/10.17192/z2012.0935 temporal perception Physik Natural sciences + mathematics Naturwissenschaften 2012-10-30 psychophysics Visueller Kontrast Sakkade Philipps-Universität Marburg Unsere visuelle Wahrnehmung durchläuft während rascher Augenbewegungen, sogenannter Sakkaden, eine Reihe spezifischer Veränderungen. Die Fähigkeit, Helligkeitskontraste wahrzunehmen (Luminanzkontrastsensitivität), ist während Sakkaden reduziert (sakkadische Suppression) und kurz eingeblendete Reize können in Richtung der Sakkade oder zum Ziel der Sakkade hin verschoben wahrgenommen werden. Auch die Wahrnehmung der Zeit ist beeinflusst. Die zeitliche Reihenfolge zweier Reize kann invertiert und die Zeit zwischen den Reizen als verkürzt wahrgenommen werden. Die Dauer einer visuellen Reizänderung in der Nähe des Sakkadenziels kann hingegen als länger wahrgenommen werden (Chronostasis), wenn diese Änderung während einer Sakkade beginnt. In dieser Arbeit habe ich die raum-zeitlichen Profile von Änderungen der menschlichen perisakkadischen Wahrnehmung und mögliche damit zusammenhängende Veränderungen der neuronalen Aktivität im medio temporalen Areal (MT) des Rhesusaffen während Sakkaden untersucht. Ich habe herausgefunden, dass die sakkadische Suppression in einem augenzentrierten Koordinatensystem auftritt und ich konnte zeigen, dass die gefundenen Variationen der sakkadischen Suppression mit dem Stimulusort das raum-zeitliche Profil einer weiteren Wahrnehmungsänderung zu beeinflussen scheinen: Chronostasis. Die Daten widerlegen frühere Annahmen, dass Chronostasis nur eine lokal begrenzte Verzerrung der Zeitwahrnehmung ist. Sie zeigen vielmehr, dass sie im gesamten visuellen Feld auftritt. Zudem ergaben meine Messungen, dass Chronostasis nicht von der Augenbewegung selbst abhängt, sondern eine Konsequenz der sakkadenbedingten Änderung des Abbildes der visuellen Reize ist. In dieser Hinsicht unterscheidet sich Chronostasis klar von anderen perisakkadischen Wahrnehmungsänderungen wie der sakkadischen Suppression und der Kompression der Reizlokalisierung um das Sakkadenziel herum. Auf der Suche nach einer neuronalen Basis dieser Ergebnisse bezüglich der sakkadischen Suppression und der Zeitwahrnehmung habe ich Einzelzellsignale in MT eines wachen, sich verhaltenden Makaken gemessen. Die Ergebnisse meiner Untersuchungen liefern relevante Erkenntnisse über die Verarbeitung stationärer visueller Reize und Paare solcher Reize während Fixation und Sakkaden in MT. Die neuronalen Antworten auf den zweiten von zwei Reizen waren stark reduziert und die Antwortlatenzen erhöht; selbst bei einem zeitlichen Abstand der beiden Reize von ungefähr 100ms. Diese erhöhte Latenz ist ein wichtiger Unterschied zu den Berichten der zeitlichen Dynamik in anderen Hirnarealen des Makaken wie dem frontalen Augenfeld im Frontalcortex und dem Colliculus superior im Mittelhirn. Während Sakkaden blieben die Latenzen für Antworten auf einzelne helle Reize jedoch unverändert, während die Antwortstärke für Reize, die in der zweiten Hälfte der Sakkade gezeigt wurden, reduziert war. Der Vergleich mit Antworten auf Reize unterschiedlicher Helligkeit während Fixation zeigte, dass die perisakkadische Reduktion der Antworten in MT quantitativ zu bekannten, psychophysikalisch gemessenen, perisakkadischen Reduktionen der Kontrastsensitivität passt. Durch einen vorhergehenden Reiz bereits reduzierte Antworten schienen während Sakkaden nicht zusätzlich reduziert. 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Sensitivity to luminance contrasts is reduced (saccadic suppression) and the localization of stimuli can be shifted in the direction of a saccade or is compressed around the saccade target. The temporal order of two stimuli can be perceived as inverted and the duration in between can be underestimated. The duration of a target change close to the saccade target can be overestimated, when the change occurs during the saccade (chronostasis). In my thesis I investigated the spatial and temporal profiles of peri-saccadic changes in human visual perception and explored how these might result from changes in neural activity of the macaque middle temporal area (MT). I found that peri-saccadic contrast sensitivity was only reduced by a constant factor across space when the data was analyzed in retinal coordinates (as opposed to screen coordinates), indicating that saccadic suppression occurs in an eye-centered frame of reference. I demonstrated that the found variations of saccadic suppression with the location of the stimulus appear to cause variations in the spatio-temporal pattern of another peri-saccadic misperception: chronostasis. I was able to show that, unlike previously assumed, the saccadic overestimation of time is not a spatially localized disturbance of time perception but instead spans across the whole visual field. I further determined that chronostasis is not dependent on the eye movement itself, but is rather a consequence of the visual stimulation induced by it. This result clearly segregates chronostasis from other peri-saccadic perceptual changes like saccadic suppression and the compression of space. To relate these findings to a potential neuronal basis of saccadic suppression and time perception, I measured neuronal responses of single cells in MT of an awake behaving macaque. The results provide relevant insight into the processing of stationary stimuli and pairs of stimuli during fixation and saccades in MT. Responses to the second of a pair of stimuli were strongly suppressed and response latencies increased even at onset asynchronies of about 100ms. The increase in latency is an important difference to the temporal dynamics previously reported in other brain areas as the frontal eye field in the frontal cortex and the superior colliculus in the midbrain. During saccades, response latencies to single high luminance stimuli remained unchanged. For stimuli shown during the second half of the saccade, the average responses were reduced. By comparison with responses to single stimuli at different luminance levels during fixation, I was able to show that the peri-saccadic response reduction found in MT quantitatively fit to what could be expected from known psychophysical measurements of peri-saccadic contrast sensitivity. Responses that were already reduced due to a preceding stimulus were however not subject to further reductions, indicating a possible interaction of these two response modulations. Saccadic suppression occurs in an eye-centered frame of reference with changes in perception compatible to changes in single cell activity in the macaque monkey MT. The peri-saccadic overestimation of time is influenced by saccadic suppression and the saccade-induced visual changes, but is not dependent on eye-movement related signals. https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2012/0935/cover.png