“Coming Out” or “Staying in the Closet”– Deconversion Narratives of Muslim Apostates in Jordan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17192/mjr.2016.18.4572Keywords:
Apostasy, deconversion, Islam, Jordan, religious conversion, atheism, Apostasie, Dekonversion, Jordanien, Konversion, AtheismusAbstract
This article describes a pilot study conducted between 22.03.2013 and 22.05.2013 among deconverts from Islam in Jordan. Due to the religious and cultural taboo surrounding apostasy, those who left Islam are notoriously difficult to access in a systematic way and constitute what is known in social research as a ‘hidden’ or ‘hard-to-reach’ population. Consequently, the non-probability sampling methods, namely an online survey, were used to recruit participants to the study. The objective of this research was threefold: (a) exploring the community of apostates from Islam in Jordan, (b) understanding the rationale behind decision to disaffiliate from Islam, and (c) analysing their narratives of deconversion. In addition, this paper examines the changes that occurred in respondents’ lives as a result of their apostasy and the degree of secrecy about their decision.
References
Abdallah, Sana. "Jordan Islamists Issue Apostasy Fatwa." upi.com (22.01.2003). http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2003/01/22/Jordan-Islamists-issue-apostasy-fatwa/99041043248750/.
Agadjanian Victora and Natalya Zotova. “Sampling and Surveying Hard-to-Reach Populations for Demographic Research: A Study of Female Labor Migrants in Moscow, Russia”. Demographic Research 26 (5) (2012). 131-150.
Ahmad, Ahmad Atif. "Al-Ghazālī's Contribution to the Sunnī Juristic Discourses on Apostasy." Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 7 (2007), 50-73.
Ahmad, Sayed Barakat. "Conversion from Islam." he Islamic World: From Classical to Modern Times (Essays in Honor of Bernard Lewis). Eds. Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Charles Issawi, Roger Savory and Abraham L. Udovitch. Darwin Press, 1989. 3-25.
Al-Bukhari. Sahih. Dar tuq an-naga'a (2001).
An-Na'im, Abdullahi Ahmed. "The Islamic Law of Apostasy and Its Modern Applicability." [In en]. Religion 16, no. 3 (2011-02-23 1986). 197-224.
Anonymous. "رداً على جبهة العمل الاسلامي .. الحكومة ترفض وتدين "الاساءات لدور القوات المسلحة." Ammon News (15.12.2015). http://www.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=75654.
Anonymous, “Islamic action front accuses the Jordanian government of apostasy”, December 12, 2010, http://black-iris.com/2010/12/15/islamic-action-front-accuses-the-jordanian-government-of-apostasy. Accessed 20 April, 2014.
Anwar, Muhammad, Jochen Blaschke, and Åke Sander. State Policies Towards Muslim Minorities: Sweden, Great Britain and Germany. Berlin: Edition Parabolis, 2004.
Archives, The Association of Religion Data. "Jordan, Religion and Social Profile." 2015.
Atkinson, Rowland and John Flint, „Accessing Hidden and Hard-to-Reach Populations: Snowball Research Strategies”. Social Research Update 33 (2001). 1-4.
Ayoub, Mahmoud. "Religious Freedom and the Law of Apostasy in Islam. "Religious Freedom and the Law of Apostasy in Islam." Islamochristiana 20 (1994). 73-91.
Bainbridge, William Sims. "Atheism." [In web]. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 1 (2005).
———. "Expanding the Use of Internet in Religious Research." Review of Religious Research 49, no. 1 (2007). 7-20.
———. "Internet-Based Research in the Social Science of Religion (Arda Guiding Paper Series)." State College, PA: The Association of Religion Data Archives at The Pennsylvania State University (2010). http://www.thearda.com/rrh/papers/guidingpapers.asp.
Barbour, John D. Versions of Deconversion: Autobiography and the Loss of Faith (Studies in Religion and Culture). University of Virginia Press, 1994.
Bell, James et. al. The World’s Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society. Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life, 2013.
Berger, Maurits. "Apostasy and Public Policy in Contemporary Egypt: An Evaluation of Recent Cases from Egypt's Highest Courts." Human Rights Quarterly 25, no. 3 (2003). 720-740.
Biernacki, Patrick and Dan Waldorf, „Snowball Sampling: Problems and Techniques of Chain Referral Sampling”, Sociological Methods and Research 10 (1981).141–163.
Brice, Kevin M. "Counting the Converts: Using Data from Scotland’s Census 2001." In Muslims in the UK and in Europe, I, edited by Yasir Suleiman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015, 57-67.
Brink, Suzanne. "Losing Faith without Losing Face: Revising the Definition of Deconversion and Investigating the Relationship between Secret Disaffiliation and Health." Unplublished MPhil in Social and Developmental Psychology, University of Cambridge, 2011.
CIA, “The World Factbook. Jordan”, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html,%20http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/jordan.html. Accessed 17 July 2014.
Constitution of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, January 01, 1952, art.14, http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b53310.html. Accessed 15 May, 2014.
“Dā’irat al-’iftā’ al-‘ām (General Iftaa’ Department”. Accessed 20 November 2014. http://aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=901#.VcXvNvnNLlD
Cook, David. "Apostasy from Islam: A Historical Perspective." Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 31 (2006): 248-288.
Dissent Denied. Survey of Global Blasphemy and Incitement Laws & Cases. A report by the Center for Inquiry, 2013.
El Fegiery, Moataz Ahmed. "Islamic Law and Freedom of Religion: The Case of Apostasy and Its Legal Implications in Egypt." Muslim World Journal of Human Rights 10 (2013), 1-26.
Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. VII (Mif-Naz). Eds. C.E. Bosworth et al. Brill, 1998.
Faugier, Jean and Mary Sargeant. “Sampling Hard to Reach Populations”, Journal of Advanced Nursing 26 (1997). 790-797.
Friedmann, Yohanan. Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition (Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization). Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Glock, Charles Y. "On the Study of Religious Commitment." Religious Education: The Official journal of the Religious Education Association 57, no. Supplement 4 (1962), 98-110.
Goitom, Hanibal. Laws Criminalizing Apostasy in Selected Jurisdictions. Global Legal Research Center, 2014.
Griffel, Frank. "Toleration and Exclusion: Al-Shāfiʾī and Al-Ghazālī on the Treatment of Apostates." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 64, no. 3 (2001). 339-354.
Hamad, Ahmed Seif al Islam. “Legal Plurality and Legitimation of Human Rights Abuses: a Case Study of State Council Rulings Concerning the Rights of Apostate.” Legal Pluralism in the Arab world, eds. B. Dupret, M. Berger, and L. al-Zwaini. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999.219-228.
Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Nineteenth. "National Report Submitted in Accordance with Paragraph 5 of the Annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 16/21." 2014.
Human Rights Watch, “Jordan: Tribunals No Substitute for Reforms on ‘Honor Killings’
Changes to Penal Code Needed to Help Save Women’s Lives”, 8 September, 2009, http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/09/01/jordan-tribunals-no-substitute-reforms-honor-killings. Accessed 1 May, 2013.
International Religious Freedom Report for 2013. U.S. Department of State, 2014.
Johansen, Baber. "Apostasy as Objective and Depersonalized Fact: Two Recent Egyptian Court Judgments." Social Research 70, no. 3 (2003). 687-710.
Kadivar, Mohsen. "Freedom of Religion and Belief in Islam." Islam and Religious Diversity. Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies, ed. Lloyd Ridgeon. London and New York: Routledge, 2014. 198-220
Kalton Graham and Dallas W. Anderson, “Sampling Rare Populations”. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 149 (1986). 65-82.
Khalil, Mohammad Hassan and Mucahit Bilici. "Conversion out of Islam: A Study of Conversion Narratives of Former Muslims." The Muslim World 97, no. 1 (2007). 111-124.
Kraemer, Joel L. "Apostates, Rebels and Brigands." Israel Oriental Studies 10 (1980). 34-73.
Kraft, Kathryn Ann. "Community and Identity among Arabs of a Muslim Background Who Choose to Follow a Christain Faith." PhD Dissertation, University of Bristol, 2007.
Leech, Nancy L. and Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie. "A Call for Qualitative Power Analyses: Considerations in Qualitative Research”. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology 41(2001). 105-121.
Maayeh, Suha. "Poet Accused of Being Enemy of Islam." The National (06.10.2008). http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/poet-accused-of-being-enemy-of-islam.
Mahmoud Ayoub, "Religious Freedom and the Law of Apostasy in Islam. "Religious Freedom and the Law of Apostasy in Islam." Islamochristiana 20 (1994). 73—91.
Meral, Ziya. No Place to Call Home: Experiences of Apostates from Islam, Failures of the International Community. Christian Solidarity Worldwide. Voice for the Voiceless, 2008.
"Middle East Internet Users, Population and Facebook Statistics." Internet World Stats. Usage and Population Statistics. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats5.htm. Accessed 1 May, 2013.
The International Center for Not-for-Profit-Law, "Ngo Law Monitor: Jordan." http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/jordan.html Accessed 3 January, 2014.
Peters, Rudolph and Gert JJ De Vries. "Apostasy in Islam." Die Welt des Islams XVII, no. Issue 1/4 (1976). 1-25.
PEW- Templeton, “Global Religious Futures Project”, http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/explorer/custom#/?countries=Jordan&question=728&subtopic=31&year=2012&chartType=bar&answer=all&religious_affiliation=all&gender=all&age_group=all. Accessed 17 July 2014.
Rambo, Lewis R. Understanding Religious Conversion. Yale University Press, 1995.
"Rising Tide of Restrictions on Religion." Pew Research Center. Religion and Public Life, 2012. http://www.pewforum.org/2012/09/20/rising-tide-of-restrictions-on-religion-findings/
Saeed, Abdullah and Hassan Saeed. Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam. Ashgate Pub Ltd, 2004.
Schielke, Samuli. "Being a Non-Believer in a Time of Islamic Revival: Trajectories of Doubt and Certainty in Contemporary Egypt.". International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 44, no. 2 (2012). 301-320.
Sidlo, Katarzyna. "Działalność Ex-Muzułmanów w Wielkiej Brytanii." University of Warsaw, unpublished MA in Oriental Studies 2011.
Simonsohn, Uriel. "“Halting between Two Opinions”: Conversion and Apostasy in Early Islam." Medieval Encounters 19 (2013). 342-370.
"Socialbakers | Social Media Report for Facebook Pages in Jordan (Feb 2013)". http://trendingdig.com/socialbakers-social-media-report-for-facebook-pages-in-jordan/.
Streib, Heinz. "Deconversion." In The Oxford Handbook on Religious Conversion, edited by Lewis R. Rambo and Charles E. Farhadian: Oxford University Press, 2014. 291-296.
Streib, Heinz, Ralph W. Hood, Barbara Keller, Christopher F. Silver, and Rosina-Martha Csoeff. Deconversion: Qualitative and Quantitative Results from Cross-Cultural Research in Germany and the United States of America (Research in Contemporary Religion). Translated by James T. Richardson. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009.
Streib, Heinz, and Barbara Keller. "The Variety of Deconversion Experiences - Contours of a Concept in Respect to Empirical Research." [In eng]. Archive for the Psychology of Religion 26, no. 1 (2004 2004): 181–200.
Sudman, Seymour. „On sampling very rare human populations”, Journal of the American Statistical Association 67 (1972): 335-339.
"Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (Trc) Website." http://www.trc.gov.jo/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2603&Itemid=0〈=english.
The Koran Interpreted: A Translation. Edited by A. J. Arberry: Touchstone, 1996.
U.S. State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. "International Religious Freedom Report 2001. Jordan." 2001.
———. "International Religious Freedom Report 2007. Jordan." 2007.
———. "International Religious Freedom Report 2010. Jordan." 2010.
———. "International Religious Freedom Report 2013. Jordan." 2013.
United Nations. Undata on Internet Users, http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Jordan+internet&d=SOWC&f=inID%3a72%3bcrID%3a328.
United Nations Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Addendum: Mission to Jordan, 27 January 2014, A/HRC/25/58/Add.2, http://www.refworld.org/docid/52fa1e214.html (accessed 16 July 2014).
United States Commission on International Religious. The Religion-State Relationship and the Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief : A Comparative Textual Analysis of the Constitutions of Majority Muslim Countries and Other Oic Members. Washington, DC: United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, 2012.
Warraq, Ibn. Why I Am Not a Muslim. Prometheus Books, 2003.
Watt, W. Montgomery. "Conditions of Membership of the Islamic Community." Studia Islamica 21 (1964): 5-12.
Why We Left Islam: Former Muslims Speak Out. Eds. Susan Crimp and Joel Richardson. WND Books, 2008.
World Value Survey, http://www.wvsevsdb.com/wvs/WVSAnalizeQuestion.jsp. (accessed May 07, 2014).
Zwemer, Samuel. The Law of Apostasy in Islam. Marshall Brothers, 1924.
Agadjanian Victora and Natalya Zotova. “Sampling and Surveying Hard-to-Reach Populations for Demographic Research: A Study of Female Labor Migrants in Moscow, Russia”. Demographic Research 26 (5) (2012). 131-150.
Ahmad, Ahmad Atif. "Al-Ghazālī's Contribution to the Sunnī Juristic Discourses on Apostasy." Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 7 (2007), 50-73.
Ahmad, Sayed Barakat. "Conversion from Islam." he Islamic World: From Classical to Modern Times (Essays in Honor of Bernard Lewis). Eds. Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Charles Issawi, Roger Savory and Abraham L. Udovitch. Darwin Press, 1989. 3-25.
Al-Bukhari. Sahih. Dar tuq an-naga'a (2001).
An-Na'im, Abdullahi Ahmed. "The Islamic Law of Apostasy and Its Modern Applicability." [In en]. Religion 16, no. 3 (2011-02-23 1986). 197-224.
Anonymous. "رداً على جبهة العمل الاسلامي .. الحكومة ترفض وتدين "الاساءات لدور القوات المسلحة." Ammon News (15.12.2015). http://www.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=75654.
Anonymous, “Islamic action front accuses the Jordanian government of apostasy”, December 12, 2010, http://black-iris.com/2010/12/15/islamic-action-front-accuses-the-jordanian-government-of-apostasy. Accessed 20 April, 2014.
Anwar, Muhammad, Jochen Blaschke, and Åke Sander. State Policies Towards Muslim Minorities: Sweden, Great Britain and Germany. Berlin: Edition Parabolis, 2004.
Archives, The Association of Religion Data. "Jordan, Religion and Social Profile." 2015.
Atkinson, Rowland and John Flint, „Accessing Hidden and Hard-to-Reach Populations: Snowball Research Strategies”. Social Research Update 33 (2001). 1-4.
Ayoub, Mahmoud. "Religious Freedom and the Law of Apostasy in Islam. "Religious Freedom and the Law of Apostasy in Islam." Islamochristiana 20 (1994). 73-91.
Bainbridge, William Sims. "Atheism." [In web]. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 1 (2005).
———. "Expanding the Use of Internet in Religious Research." Review of Religious Research 49, no. 1 (2007). 7-20.
———. "Internet-Based Research in the Social Science of Religion (Arda Guiding Paper Series)." State College, PA: The Association of Religion Data Archives at The Pennsylvania State University (2010). http://www.thearda.com/rrh/papers/guidingpapers.asp.
Barbour, John D. Versions of Deconversion: Autobiography and the Loss of Faith (Studies in Religion and Culture). University of Virginia Press, 1994.
Bell, James et. al. The World’s Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society. Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life, 2013.
Berger, Maurits. "Apostasy and Public Policy in Contemporary Egypt: An Evaluation of Recent Cases from Egypt's Highest Courts." Human Rights Quarterly 25, no. 3 (2003). 720-740.
Biernacki, Patrick and Dan Waldorf, „Snowball Sampling: Problems and Techniques of Chain Referral Sampling”, Sociological Methods and Research 10 (1981).141–163.
Brice, Kevin M. "Counting the Converts: Using Data from Scotland’s Census 2001." In Muslims in the UK and in Europe, I, edited by Yasir Suleiman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015, 57-67.
Brink, Suzanne. "Losing Faith without Losing Face: Revising the Definition of Deconversion and Investigating the Relationship between Secret Disaffiliation and Health." Unplublished MPhil in Social and Developmental Psychology, University of Cambridge, 2011.
CIA, “The World Factbook. Jordan”, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html,%20http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/jordan.html. Accessed 17 July 2014.
Constitution of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, January 01, 1952, art.14, http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b53310.html. Accessed 15 May, 2014.
“Dā’irat al-’iftā’ al-‘ām (General Iftaa’ Department”. Accessed 20 November 2014. http://aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=901#.VcXvNvnNLlD
Cook, David. "Apostasy from Islam: A Historical Perspective." Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 31 (2006): 248-288.
Dissent Denied. Survey of Global Blasphemy and Incitement Laws & Cases. A report by the Center for Inquiry, 2013.
El Fegiery, Moataz Ahmed. "Islamic Law and Freedom of Religion: The Case of Apostasy and Its Legal Implications in Egypt." Muslim World Journal of Human Rights 10 (2013), 1-26.
Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. VII (Mif-Naz). Eds. C.E. Bosworth et al. Brill, 1998.
Faugier, Jean and Mary Sargeant. “Sampling Hard to Reach Populations”, Journal of Advanced Nursing 26 (1997). 790-797.
Friedmann, Yohanan. Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition (Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization). Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Glock, Charles Y. "On the Study of Religious Commitment." Religious Education: The Official journal of the Religious Education Association 57, no. Supplement 4 (1962), 98-110.
Goitom, Hanibal. Laws Criminalizing Apostasy in Selected Jurisdictions. Global Legal Research Center, 2014.
Griffel, Frank. "Toleration and Exclusion: Al-Shāfiʾī and Al-Ghazālī on the Treatment of Apostates." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 64, no. 3 (2001). 339-354.
Hamad, Ahmed Seif al Islam. “Legal Plurality and Legitimation of Human Rights Abuses: a Case Study of State Council Rulings Concerning the Rights of Apostate.” Legal Pluralism in the Arab world, eds. B. Dupret, M. Berger, and L. al-Zwaini. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999.219-228.
Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Nineteenth. "National Report Submitted in Accordance with Paragraph 5 of the Annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 16/21." 2014.
Human Rights Watch, “Jordan: Tribunals No Substitute for Reforms on ‘Honor Killings’
Changes to Penal Code Needed to Help Save Women’s Lives”, 8 September, 2009, http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/09/01/jordan-tribunals-no-substitute-reforms-honor-killings. Accessed 1 May, 2013.
International Religious Freedom Report for 2013. U.S. Department of State, 2014.
Johansen, Baber. "Apostasy as Objective and Depersonalized Fact: Two Recent Egyptian Court Judgments." Social Research 70, no. 3 (2003). 687-710.
Kadivar, Mohsen. "Freedom of Religion and Belief in Islam." Islam and Religious Diversity. Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies, ed. Lloyd Ridgeon. London and New York: Routledge, 2014. 198-220
Kalton Graham and Dallas W. Anderson, “Sampling Rare Populations”. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 149 (1986). 65-82.
Khalil, Mohammad Hassan and Mucahit Bilici. "Conversion out of Islam: A Study of Conversion Narratives of Former Muslims." The Muslim World 97, no. 1 (2007). 111-124.
Kraemer, Joel L. "Apostates, Rebels and Brigands." Israel Oriental Studies 10 (1980). 34-73.
Kraft, Kathryn Ann. "Community and Identity among Arabs of a Muslim Background Who Choose to Follow a Christain Faith." PhD Dissertation, University of Bristol, 2007.
Leech, Nancy L. and Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie. "A Call for Qualitative Power Analyses: Considerations in Qualitative Research”. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology 41(2001). 105-121.
Maayeh, Suha. "Poet Accused of Being Enemy of Islam." The National (06.10.2008). http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/poet-accused-of-being-enemy-of-islam.
Mahmoud Ayoub, "Religious Freedom and the Law of Apostasy in Islam. "Religious Freedom and the Law of Apostasy in Islam." Islamochristiana 20 (1994). 73—91.
Meral, Ziya. No Place to Call Home: Experiences of Apostates from Islam, Failures of the International Community. Christian Solidarity Worldwide. Voice for the Voiceless, 2008.
"Middle East Internet Users, Population and Facebook Statistics." Internet World Stats. Usage and Population Statistics. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats5.htm. Accessed 1 May, 2013.
The International Center for Not-for-Profit-Law, "Ngo Law Monitor: Jordan." http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/jordan.html Accessed 3 January, 2014.
Peters, Rudolph and Gert JJ De Vries. "Apostasy in Islam." Die Welt des Islams XVII, no. Issue 1/4 (1976). 1-25.
PEW- Templeton, “Global Religious Futures Project”, http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/explorer/custom#/?countries=Jordan&question=728&subtopic=31&year=2012&chartType=bar&answer=all&religious_affiliation=all&gender=all&age_group=all. Accessed 17 July 2014.
Rambo, Lewis R. Understanding Religious Conversion. Yale University Press, 1995.
"Rising Tide of Restrictions on Religion." Pew Research Center. Religion and Public Life, 2012. http://www.pewforum.org/2012/09/20/rising-tide-of-restrictions-on-religion-findings/
Saeed, Abdullah and Hassan Saeed. Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam. Ashgate Pub Ltd, 2004.
Schielke, Samuli. "Being a Non-Believer in a Time of Islamic Revival: Trajectories of Doubt and Certainty in Contemporary Egypt.". International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 44, no. 2 (2012). 301-320.
Sidlo, Katarzyna. "Działalność Ex-Muzułmanów w Wielkiej Brytanii." University of Warsaw, unpublished MA in Oriental Studies 2011.
Simonsohn, Uriel. "“Halting between Two Opinions”: Conversion and Apostasy in Early Islam." Medieval Encounters 19 (2013). 342-370.
"Socialbakers | Social Media Report for Facebook Pages in Jordan (Feb 2013)". http://trendingdig.com/socialbakers-social-media-report-for-facebook-pages-in-jordan/.
Streib, Heinz. "Deconversion." In The Oxford Handbook on Religious Conversion, edited by Lewis R. Rambo and Charles E. Farhadian: Oxford University Press, 2014. 291-296.
Streib, Heinz, Ralph W. Hood, Barbara Keller, Christopher F. Silver, and Rosina-Martha Csoeff. Deconversion: Qualitative and Quantitative Results from Cross-Cultural Research in Germany and the United States of America (Research in Contemporary Religion). Translated by James T. Richardson. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009.
Streib, Heinz, and Barbara Keller. "The Variety of Deconversion Experiences - Contours of a Concept in Respect to Empirical Research." [In eng]. Archive for the Psychology of Religion 26, no. 1 (2004 2004): 181–200.
Sudman, Seymour. „On sampling very rare human populations”, Journal of the American Statistical Association 67 (1972): 335-339.
"Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (Trc) Website." http://www.trc.gov.jo/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2603&Itemid=0〈=english.
The Koran Interpreted: A Translation. Edited by A. J. Arberry: Touchstone, 1996.
U.S. State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. "International Religious Freedom Report 2001. Jordan." 2001.
———. "International Religious Freedom Report 2007. Jordan." 2007.
———. "International Religious Freedom Report 2010. Jordan." 2010.
———. "International Religious Freedom Report 2013. Jordan." 2013.
United Nations. Undata on Internet Users, http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Jordan+internet&d=SOWC&f=inID%3a72%3bcrID%3a328.
United Nations Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Addendum: Mission to Jordan, 27 January 2014, A/HRC/25/58/Add.2, http://www.refworld.org/docid/52fa1e214.html (accessed 16 July 2014).
United States Commission on International Religious. The Religion-State Relationship and the Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief : A Comparative Textual Analysis of the Constitutions of Majority Muslim Countries and Other Oic Members. Washington, DC: United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, 2012.
Warraq, Ibn. Why I Am Not a Muslim. Prometheus Books, 2003.
Watt, W. Montgomery. "Conditions of Membership of the Islamic Community." Studia Islamica 21 (1964): 5-12.
Why We Left Islam: Former Muslims Speak Out. Eds. Susan Crimp and Joel Richardson. WND Books, 2008.
World Value Survey, http://www.wvsevsdb.com/wvs/WVSAnalizeQuestion.jsp. (accessed May 07, 2014).
Zwemer, Samuel. The Law of Apostasy in Islam. Marshall Brothers, 1924.
Downloads
Published
2016-06-02
How to Cite
Sidlo, K. W. (2016). “Coming Out” or “Staying in the Closet”– Deconversion Narratives of Muslim Apostates in Jordan. Marburg Journal of Religion, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.17192/mjr.2016.18.4572
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Overall copyright is assigned to Marburg Journal of Religion. Authors retain copyright for individual contributions and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.An author may give permission for an article published here to be published elsewhere, provided that the source is indicated in the form "First published in Marburg Journal of Religion, Volume 00 (year), Number 00".