Religious Attendance and subjective Well-being in an Eastern-Culture Country: Empirical Evidence from Taiwan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17192/mjr.2009.14.3465Keywords:
Teilnahme, attendance, Wohlergehen, well-being, östliche Kultur, eastern culture, Glück, happiness, Gesundheit, healthAbstract
This paper investigates the relationship between religious attendance and subjective well-being in an Eastern-culture country. The findings of this study indicate that religious attendance has positive relationships with happiness as well as domain satisfactions with interpersonal relationship, health, and marital life, but it is not significantly related to the satisfaction with personal financial status. Interestingly, for believers of Eastern religions, those who have a higher level of relative income tend to have higher levels of satisfaction with financial status and health status, but are less satisfied with being free of worry and interpersonal relationship. Moreover, for the adherents of Eastern religions, those who have a higher educational attainment appear to report lower levels of overall happiness and the satisfaction with being free of worry. It appears that the differences in the religious practices and organizational settings between Eastern religions and Western Christianity lead to different patterns of the relationships between religious attendance and various measures of subjective well-being.
References
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● Argyle, M. 1998. The Psychology of Happiness, Routledge, London.
● Argyle, M. 1999. “Causes and Correlates of Happiness.” in D.D. Kahneman and N. Schwartz, eds. Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology. New York: Russell
Sage: 353-373.
● Atchley, R.C. 1997. “The Subjective Importance of Being Religious and Its Effect on Health and Morale 14 Years Later.” Journal of Aging Studies 11: 131-141.
● Azzi, C., and R. Ehrenberg. 1975. “Household Allocation of Time and Church Attendance.” Journal of Political Economy 83: 27-56.
● Benjamins, M., Trinitapoli, J., and C.G. Ellison. 2006. “Religious Attendance, Health Maintenance Beliefs, and Mammography Utilization: Findings from a Nationwide Survey of Presbyterian Women.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 45(4): 597-607.
● Berggren, N. 1997. “Rhetoric or Reality? An Economic Analysis of the Effects of Religion in Sweden.” Journal of Socio-Economics 26: 571-596.
● Berling, J.A. 1982. “Asian Religions.” Focus on Asian Studies, Vol. II, No.1: 5-11, Asia Society, AskAsia.
● Blanchflower, D.G., and A.J. Oswald. 2004a. “Well-Being over Time in Britain and the USA.” Journal of Public Economics 88: 1359-1386.
● Blanchflower, D.G., and A.J. Oswald. 2004b. “Money, Sex and Happiness: An Empirical Study.” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 106(3): 393-415.
● Buss, D.M. 2000. “The Evolution of Happiness.” American Psychologist 55(1):15-23.
● Clark, A.E. 1996. “Job Satisfaction in Britain.” British Journal of Industrial Relations 34: 189-217.
● Clark, A.E. 1997. “Job Satisfaction and Gender: Why Are Women so Happy at Work?” Labor Economics 4: 341-372.
● Clark, A.E., and A.J. Oswald. 1996. “Satisfaction and Comparison Income.” Journal of Public Economics 61: 359-381.
● Clark, A.E., and A.J. Oswald. 2002. “A simple Statistical Method for Measuring How Life Events Affect Happiness.” International Journal of Epidemiology 31(6): 1139-1144.
● Clark, A.E., Oswald, A.J., and P.P. Warr. 1996. “Is Job Satisfaction U-shaped in Age?” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 69: 57-81.
● Crandall, R.C. 1980. Gerontology: A Behavioral Approach, Addison-Wesley, Reading, M.A.
● Diener, E., and M. Diener. 1995. “Cross-culture Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Selfesteem.”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68: 653-663.
● Diener, E., Diener, M., and C. Diener. 1995. “Factors Predicting Subjective Well-being of Nations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69: 851-864.
● Diener, E., and R.E. Lucas. 2000. “Explaining Differences in Societal Levels of Happiness: Relative Standards, Need Fulfillment, Culture, and Evaluation Theory.” Journal of
Happiness Studies 1: 41-78.
● Diener, E., Oishi, S., and R.E. Lucas. 2003. “Personality, Culture, and Subjective Wellbeing:
Emotional and Cognitive Evaluations of Life.” Annual Review of Psychology 54: 403-425.
● Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R.J., and A.J. Oswald. 2001. “Preferences over Inflation and
Unemployment: Evidence from Surveys of Happiness.” American Economic Review 91: 335-341.
● Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R.J., and A.J. Oswald. 2004. “The Macroeconomics of Happiness.” Review of Economics and Statistics 85: 809-827.
● Di Tella, R. and R. MacCulloch. 2005. “Partisan Social Happiness.” Review of Economic Studies 72: 367-393.
● Easterlin, R.A. 1974. “Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot?” In Paul A. David and Melvin W. Reder, eds., Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in
Honour of Moses Abramovitz, New York: Academic Press, Inc.
● Easterlin, R.A. 1995. “Will Raising the Incomes of All Increase the Happiness of All?”
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 27: 35-47.
● Easterlin, R.A. 2001. “Income and Happiness: Towards a Unified Theory.” Economic Journal 111: 465-484.
● Eid, M., and E. Diener. 2001. “Norms for Experiencing Emotions in Different Cultures: Intre- and Intranational Differences?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81:
869-885.
● Ellison, C.G.. 1991. “Religious Involvement and Subjective Well-being.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 32: 80-99.
● Ellison, C.G.. 1995. “Race, Religious Involvement and Depressive Symptomatology in a Southeastern U.S. Community.” Social Science and Medicine 40: 1561-1572.
● Ellison, C.G., and D.A. Gay. 1990. “Region, Religious Commitment and Life Satisfaction among Black Americans.” Sociological Quarterly 31: 23-145.
● Ellison, C.G., and L.K. George. 1994. “Religious Involvement, Social Ties and Social Support in Southeastern Community.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 33:
46-76.
● Ferraro, K.F., and C.M. Albrecht-Jensen. 1991. “Does Religion Influence Adult Health?” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30: 193-202.
● Ferraro, K.F., and J.A. Kelley-Moore. 2000. “Religious Consolation among Men and Women. Do Health Problems Spur Speaking?” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
30: 220-234.
● Ferriss, A.L. 2002. “Religion and the Quality of Life.” Journal of Happiness Studies 3: 199-215.
● Frank, R.H. 1997. “The Frame of Reference as a Public Good.” Economic Journal, 107: 1832-1847.
● Frey, B.S., and A. Stutzer. 2000. “Happiness, Economy and Institutions.” Economic Journal 110: 918-938.
● Frey, B.S., and A. Stutzer. 2002. “What Can Economists Learn from Happiness Research?”
Journal of Economic Literature 40: 402-435.
● Graham, C., and S. Pettinato. 2002. “Frustrated Achievers: Winners, Losers and Subjective Well-being in New Market Economies.” Journal of Development Studies 38:100-140.
● Graham, C., Eggers, A., and S. Sukhtanker. 2004. “Does Happiness Pay? An Exploration
Based on Panel Data from Russia.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 55: 319-342.
● Greene, K.V., and B.J. Yoon. 2004. “Religiosity, Economics and Life Satisfaction,” Review of Social Economy 62: 245-261.
● Gruber, J., and S. Mullainathan. 2005. “Do Cigarette Taxes Make Smokers Happier?”
Advances in Economic Analysis & Policy 5(1): Article 4.
● Hartog, J., and H. Oosterbeek. 1998. “Health, Wealth, and Happiness: Why Pursue a Higher Education?” Economics of Education Review 17: 245-256.
● Hayo, B., and W. Seifert. 2003. “Subjective Economic Well-being in Eastern Europe.” Journal of Economic Psychology 24: 329-348.
● Hou, H.D. 2007. “Introduction Guide to Dajia Mazu Sightseeing Cultural Festival.” Government of Taichung County, Taiwan.
● Hull, B. 2000. “Religion Still Matters.” Journal of Economics 24: 35-48.
● Hull, B., and F. Bold. 1995. “Preaching Matters: Replication and Extension.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 27: 143-149.
● Iannaccone, L. 1998. “Introduction to the Economics of Religion.” Journal of Economic Literature 36: 1465-1495.
● Idler, E.L. 1987. “Religious Involvement and the Health of the Elderly: Some Hypothesis and an Initial Test.” Social Forces 66(1): 226-238.
● Inglehart, R., and H.D. Klingemann. 2000. “Genes, Culture, Democracy, and Happiness.” in Culture and Subjective Well-being, Diener and Suh, eds., Cambridge, M.A.: MIT Press.
● Jordan, D.K. 1985. Gods, Ghosts, & Ancestors: Folk Religion in a Taiwan Village. 2nd Edition, Caves Books, Taipei.
● Kahneman, D., Diener, E., and N. Schwartz. 1999. Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic
Psychology, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
● Koenig, H.G., McCullough, M., and D. Larson. 2001. The Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford University Press, New York.
● Krause, N., Ingersoll-Dayton, B., and J. Liang. 1999. “Religion, Social Support, and Health
among the Japanese Elderly.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40: 405-421.
● Levin, J.S., and L.M. Chatters. 1998. “Religion, Health and Psychological Well-being in
Older Adults: Findings from Three National Surveys,” Journal of Aging and Health 10:
504-531.
● Liao, P.S., Fu, Y.C., and C.C. Yi. 2005. “Perceived Quality of Life in Taiwan and Hong Kong: An Intra-culture Comparison.” Journal of Happiness Studies 6: 43-67.
● Lipford, J., McCormick, R., and R. Tollison. 1993. “Preaching Matters.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 21: 235-250.
● Lu, L., Gilmore, R., and S.F. Kao. 2001. “Cultural Values and Happiness: An East-West
Dialogue.” Journal of Social Psychology 141(4): 477-493.
● Matsumoto, D., Grissom, R.J., and D.L. Dinnel. 2001. “Do Between-culture Differences
Really Mean that People Are Different?” Journal of Cross-Culture Psychology 32: 478-490.
● Oishi, S., Diener, E., Lucas, R.E., and E. Suh. 1999. “Cross-cultural Variations in Predictors of Life Satisfaction: Perspectives from Needs and Values.’ Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin 25: 980-990.
● Oishi, S. 2000. “Culture and Memory for Emotional Experiences: On-line vs. Retrospective
Judgments of Subjective Well-being.” Diss. Abstr. Int. 61(10-B): 5625.
● Petersen, L.A. and A. Roy. 1985. “Religiosity, Anxiety, and Meaning and Poupose: Religion’s Consequences for Psychological Well-Being.” Review of Religious Research 27:
49-62.
● Pollner, M.. 1989. “Diving Relations, Social Relations, and Well-Being.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 30: 92-104.
● Scollon, C.N., Diener, E., Oishi, S., and R. Biswas-Diener. 2002. “Culture, Self-concept, and Memory for One’s Emotions.” Working paper, University of Illinois, Urbana-
Champaign.
● Soydemir, G.A., Bastida, E., and G. Gonzalez. 2004. “The Impact of Religiosity on Selfassessments
of Health and Happiness: Evidence from the US Southwest.” Applied Economics 36: 665-672.
● Stark, R. 2006. “Religious Competition and Roman Piety.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, Vol. 2, Article 6.
● Stutzer, A. 2004. “The Role of Income Aspirations in Individual Happiness.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 54: 89-109.
● Suh, E., Diener, E., Oishi, S., and H.C. Triandis. 1998. “The Shifting Basis of Life
Satisfaction Judgments across Cultures: Emotions versus Norms.” Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology 74: 482-493.
● Taiwan Year Book, 2006. Government Information Office of Taiwan.
● Tao, H., and P. Yeh. 2007. “Religion as an Investment: Comparing the Contributions and Volunteer Frequency among Christians, Buddhists, and Folk Religionists.” Southern
Economic Journal 73(3): 770-790.
● Theodossiou, I. 1998. “The Effects of Low-pay and Unemployment on Psychological Wellbeing:
A Logistic Regression Approach.” Journal of Health Economics 17: 85-104.
● Travers, P., and S. Richardson. 1993. Living Decently: Material Well-Being in Australia. Melbourne, Oxford University Press.
● Tsou, M.W., and J.T. Liu. 2001. “Happiness and Domain Satisfaction in Taiwan.” Journal of Happiness Studies 2: 269-288.
● Umberson, D. 1987. “Family Status and Health Behaviors: Social Control as a Dimension of Social Integration.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 28: 306-349.
● van Praag, B.M.S., Frijters, P., and A. Ferrer-i-Carbonell. 2003. “The Anatomy of Subjective Well-being.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 51: 29-49.
● Veenhoven, R. 1991. “Is Happiness Relative?” Social Indicators Research 24: 1-34.
● Wikstrom, O. 1987. “Attribution, Roles, and Religion: A Theoretical Analysis of Sunden’s Role Theory and Attributional Approach to Religious Experience.” Journal for the Scientific
Study of Religion 26: 384-390.
● Winkelmann, L., and R. Winkelmann. 1997. “Why Are the Unemployed so Unhappy? Evidence from Panel Data. Economica 65: 1-15.
● Witter, R.A., Stock, W.A., Okun, M.A., and M.J. Haring. 1985. “Religion and Subjective Well-being in Adulthood: A Quantitative Synthesis.” Review of Religious Studies 26:
332-347.
● Wolfers, J. 2003. “Is Business Cycle Volatility Costly? Evidence from Survey of Subjective Well-being.” NBER working paper 9619.
● Yeager, D.M., Glei, D.A., Au, M, Lin, H., Sloan, R.P., and M. Weinstein. 2006. “Religious Involvement and Health Outcomes among Older Persons in Taiwan.” Social Science and Medicine 63: 2228-2241.
● Argyle, M. 1998. The Psychology of Happiness, Routledge, London.
● Argyle, M. 1999. “Causes and Correlates of Happiness.” in D.D. Kahneman and N. Schwartz, eds. Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology. New York: Russell
Sage: 353-373.
● Atchley, R.C. 1997. “The Subjective Importance of Being Religious and Its Effect on Health and Morale 14 Years Later.” Journal of Aging Studies 11: 131-141.
● Azzi, C., and R. Ehrenberg. 1975. “Household Allocation of Time and Church Attendance.” Journal of Political Economy 83: 27-56.
● Benjamins, M., Trinitapoli, J., and C.G. Ellison. 2006. “Religious Attendance, Health Maintenance Beliefs, and Mammography Utilization: Findings from a Nationwide Survey of Presbyterian Women.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 45(4): 597-607.
● Berggren, N. 1997. “Rhetoric or Reality? An Economic Analysis of the Effects of Religion in Sweden.” Journal of Socio-Economics 26: 571-596.
● Berling, J.A. 1982. “Asian Religions.” Focus on Asian Studies, Vol. II, No.1: 5-11, Asia Society, AskAsia.
● Blanchflower, D.G., and A.J. Oswald. 2004a. “Well-Being over Time in Britain and the USA.” Journal of Public Economics 88: 1359-1386.
● Blanchflower, D.G., and A.J. Oswald. 2004b. “Money, Sex and Happiness: An Empirical Study.” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 106(3): 393-415.
● Buss, D.M. 2000. “The Evolution of Happiness.” American Psychologist 55(1):15-23.
● Clark, A.E. 1996. “Job Satisfaction in Britain.” British Journal of Industrial Relations 34: 189-217.
● Clark, A.E. 1997. “Job Satisfaction and Gender: Why Are Women so Happy at Work?” Labor Economics 4: 341-372.
● Clark, A.E., and A.J. Oswald. 1996. “Satisfaction and Comparison Income.” Journal of Public Economics 61: 359-381.
● Clark, A.E., and A.J. Oswald. 2002. “A simple Statistical Method for Measuring How Life Events Affect Happiness.” International Journal of Epidemiology 31(6): 1139-1144.
● Clark, A.E., Oswald, A.J., and P.P. Warr. 1996. “Is Job Satisfaction U-shaped in Age?” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 69: 57-81.
● Crandall, R.C. 1980. Gerontology: A Behavioral Approach, Addison-Wesley, Reading, M.A.
● Diener, E., and M. Diener. 1995. “Cross-culture Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Selfesteem.”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68: 653-663.
● Diener, E., Diener, M., and C. Diener. 1995. “Factors Predicting Subjective Well-being of Nations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69: 851-864.
● Diener, E., and R.E. Lucas. 2000. “Explaining Differences in Societal Levels of Happiness: Relative Standards, Need Fulfillment, Culture, and Evaluation Theory.” Journal of
Happiness Studies 1: 41-78.
● Diener, E., Oishi, S., and R.E. Lucas. 2003. “Personality, Culture, and Subjective Wellbeing:
Emotional and Cognitive Evaluations of Life.” Annual Review of Psychology 54: 403-425.
● Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R.J., and A.J. Oswald. 2001. “Preferences over Inflation and
Unemployment: Evidence from Surveys of Happiness.” American Economic Review 91: 335-341.
● Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R.J., and A.J. Oswald. 2004. “The Macroeconomics of Happiness.” Review of Economics and Statistics 85: 809-827.
● Di Tella, R. and R. MacCulloch. 2005. “Partisan Social Happiness.” Review of Economic Studies 72: 367-393.
● Easterlin, R.A. 1974. “Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot?” In Paul A. David and Melvin W. Reder, eds., Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in
Honour of Moses Abramovitz, New York: Academic Press, Inc.
● Easterlin, R.A. 1995. “Will Raising the Incomes of All Increase the Happiness of All?”
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 27: 35-47.
● Easterlin, R.A. 2001. “Income and Happiness: Towards a Unified Theory.” Economic Journal 111: 465-484.
● Eid, M., and E. Diener. 2001. “Norms for Experiencing Emotions in Different Cultures: Intre- and Intranational Differences?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81:
869-885.
● Ellison, C.G.. 1991. “Religious Involvement and Subjective Well-being.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 32: 80-99.
● Ellison, C.G.. 1995. “Race, Religious Involvement and Depressive Symptomatology in a Southeastern U.S. Community.” Social Science and Medicine 40: 1561-1572.
● Ellison, C.G., and D.A. Gay. 1990. “Region, Religious Commitment and Life Satisfaction among Black Americans.” Sociological Quarterly 31: 23-145.
● Ellison, C.G., and L.K. George. 1994. “Religious Involvement, Social Ties and Social Support in Southeastern Community.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 33:
46-76.
● Ferraro, K.F., and C.M. Albrecht-Jensen. 1991. “Does Religion Influence Adult Health?” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30: 193-202.
● Ferraro, K.F., and J.A. Kelley-Moore. 2000. “Religious Consolation among Men and Women. Do Health Problems Spur Speaking?” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
30: 220-234.
● Ferriss, A.L. 2002. “Religion and the Quality of Life.” Journal of Happiness Studies 3: 199-215.
● Frank, R.H. 1997. “The Frame of Reference as a Public Good.” Economic Journal, 107: 1832-1847.
● Frey, B.S., and A. Stutzer. 2000. “Happiness, Economy and Institutions.” Economic Journal 110: 918-938.
● Frey, B.S., and A. Stutzer. 2002. “What Can Economists Learn from Happiness Research?”
Journal of Economic Literature 40: 402-435.
● Graham, C., and S. Pettinato. 2002. “Frustrated Achievers: Winners, Losers and Subjective Well-being in New Market Economies.” Journal of Development Studies 38:100-140.
● Graham, C., Eggers, A., and S. Sukhtanker. 2004. “Does Happiness Pay? An Exploration
Based on Panel Data from Russia.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 55: 319-342.
● Greene, K.V., and B.J. Yoon. 2004. “Religiosity, Economics and Life Satisfaction,” Review of Social Economy 62: 245-261.
● Gruber, J., and S. Mullainathan. 2005. “Do Cigarette Taxes Make Smokers Happier?”
Advances in Economic Analysis & Policy 5(1): Article 4.
● Hartog, J., and H. Oosterbeek. 1998. “Health, Wealth, and Happiness: Why Pursue a Higher Education?” Economics of Education Review 17: 245-256.
● Hayo, B., and W. Seifert. 2003. “Subjective Economic Well-being in Eastern Europe.” Journal of Economic Psychology 24: 329-348.
● Hou, H.D. 2007. “Introduction Guide to Dajia Mazu Sightseeing Cultural Festival.” Government of Taichung County, Taiwan.
● Hull, B. 2000. “Religion Still Matters.” Journal of Economics 24: 35-48.
● Hull, B., and F. Bold. 1995. “Preaching Matters: Replication and Extension.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 27: 143-149.
● Iannaccone, L. 1998. “Introduction to the Economics of Religion.” Journal of Economic Literature 36: 1465-1495.
● Idler, E.L. 1987. “Religious Involvement and the Health of the Elderly: Some Hypothesis and an Initial Test.” Social Forces 66(1): 226-238.
● Inglehart, R., and H.D. Klingemann. 2000. “Genes, Culture, Democracy, and Happiness.” in Culture and Subjective Well-being, Diener and Suh, eds., Cambridge, M.A.: MIT Press.
● Jordan, D.K. 1985. Gods, Ghosts, & Ancestors: Folk Religion in a Taiwan Village. 2nd Edition, Caves Books, Taipei.
● Kahneman, D., Diener, E., and N. Schwartz. 1999. Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic
Psychology, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
● Koenig, H.G., McCullough, M., and D. Larson. 2001. The Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford University Press, New York.
● Krause, N., Ingersoll-Dayton, B., and J. Liang. 1999. “Religion, Social Support, and Health
among the Japanese Elderly.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40: 405-421.
● Levin, J.S., and L.M. Chatters. 1998. “Religion, Health and Psychological Well-being in
Older Adults: Findings from Three National Surveys,” Journal of Aging and Health 10:
504-531.
● Liao, P.S., Fu, Y.C., and C.C. Yi. 2005. “Perceived Quality of Life in Taiwan and Hong Kong: An Intra-culture Comparison.” Journal of Happiness Studies 6: 43-67.
● Lipford, J., McCormick, R., and R. Tollison. 1993. “Preaching Matters.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 21: 235-250.
● Lu, L., Gilmore, R., and S.F. Kao. 2001. “Cultural Values and Happiness: An East-West
Dialogue.” Journal of Social Psychology 141(4): 477-493.
● Matsumoto, D., Grissom, R.J., and D.L. Dinnel. 2001. “Do Between-culture Differences
Really Mean that People Are Different?” Journal of Cross-Culture Psychology 32: 478-490.
● Oishi, S., Diener, E., Lucas, R.E., and E. Suh. 1999. “Cross-cultural Variations in Predictors of Life Satisfaction: Perspectives from Needs and Values.’ Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin 25: 980-990.
● Oishi, S. 2000. “Culture and Memory for Emotional Experiences: On-line vs. Retrospective
Judgments of Subjective Well-being.” Diss. Abstr. Int. 61(10-B): 5625.
● Petersen, L.A. and A. Roy. 1985. “Religiosity, Anxiety, and Meaning and Poupose: Religion’s Consequences for Psychological Well-Being.” Review of Religious Research 27:
49-62.
● Pollner, M.. 1989. “Diving Relations, Social Relations, and Well-Being.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 30: 92-104.
● Scollon, C.N., Diener, E., Oishi, S., and R. Biswas-Diener. 2002. “Culture, Self-concept, and Memory for One’s Emotions.” Working paper, University of Illinois, Urbana-
Champaign.
● Soydemir, G.A., Bastida, E., and G. Gonzalez. 2004. “The Impact of Religiosity on Selfassessments
of Health and Happiness: Evidence from the US Southwest.” Applied Economics 36: 665-672.
● Stark, R. 2006. “Religious Competition and Roman Piety.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, Vol. 2, Article 6.
● Stutzer, A. 2004. “The Role of Income Aspirations in Individual Happiness.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 54: 89-109.
● Suh, E., Diener, E., Oishi, S., and H.C. Triandis. 1998. “The Shifting Basis of Life
Satisfaction Judgments across Cultures: Emotions versus Norms.” Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology 74: 482-493.
● Taiwan Year Book, 2006. Government Information Office of Taiwan.
● Tao, H., and P. Yeh. 2007. “Religion as an Investment: Comparing the Contributions and Volunteer Frequency among Christians, Buddhists, and Folk Religionists.” Southern
Economic Journal 73(3): 770-790.
● Theodossiou, I. 1998. “The Effects of Low-pay and Unemployment on Psychological Wellbeing:
A Logistic Regression Approach.” Journal of Health Economics 17: 85-104.
● Travers, P., and S. Richardson. 1993. Living Decently: Material Well-Being in Australia. Melbourne, Oxford University Press.
● Tsou, M.W., and J.T. Liu. 2001. “Happiness and Domain Satisfaction in Taiwan.” Journal of Happiness Studies 2: 269-288.
● Umberson, D. 1987. “Family Status and Health Behaviors: Social Control as a Dimension of Social Integration.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 28: 306-349.
● van Praag, B.M.S., Frijters, P., and A. Ferrer-i-Carbonell. 2003. “The Anatomy of Subjective Well-being.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 51: 29-49.
● Veenhoven, R. 1991. “Is Happiness Relative?” Social Indicators Research 24: 1-34.
● Wikstrom, O. 1987. “Attribution, Roles, and Religion: A Theoretical Analysis of Sunden’s Role Theory and Attributional Approach to Religious Experience.” Journal for the Scientific
Study of Religion 26: 384-390.
● Winkelmann, L., and R. Winkelmann. 1997. “Why Are the Unemployed so Unhappy? Evidence from Panel Data. Economica 65: 1-15.
● Witter, R.A., Stock, W.A., Okun, M.A., and M.J. Haring. 1985. “Religion and Subjective Well-being in Adulthood: A Quantitative Synthesis.” Review of Religious Studies 26:
332-347.
● Wolfers, J. 2003. “Is Business Cycle Volatility Costly? Evidence from Survey of Subjective Well-being.” NBER working paper 9619.
● Yeager, D.M., Glei, D.A., Au, M, Lin, H., Sloan, R.P., and M. Weinstein. 2006. “Religious Involvement and Health Outcomes among Older Persons in Taiwan.” Social Science and Medicine 63: 2228-2241.
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2015-04-28
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Chang, W.-C. (2015). Religious Attendance and subjective Well-being in an Eastern-Culture Country: Empirical Evidence from Taiwan. Marburg Journal of Religion, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.17192/mjr.2009.14.3465
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