Dokument

Zusammenfassung:
Neben der CT stellt die DVT seit den letzten Jahren eine suffiziente Darstellungsmethode knöcherner Strukturen bei Fragestellungen der HNO dar. Hierbei ist eine stetige Ausbreitung der Indikationsgebiete zu verzeichnen, so dass sie heute bei einer Vielzahl an Fragestellungen Anwendung findet. Der Vorteil einer Bildgebung mittels DVT liegt im Vergleich zur CT darin, dass die Strahlendosis geringer ist und dabei Aufnahmen mit einer präzisen Darstellungsqualität erzeugt werden können. Allerdings wird die DVT bisher nur in wenigen Leitlinien erwähnt und empfohlen, obwohl ein breiteres Anwendungsspektrum insbesondere im HNO-Bereich zu erwarten ist. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es deshalb, die Anwendung der DVT bei HNO-Fragestellungen im Kindesalter in der klinischen Routine zu analysieren. Insbesondere hinsichtlich des wichtigen Strahlenschutzes im Kindesalter sollten die technischen Einstellungsparameter sowie die Anwendungsgebiete geprüft werden. Hierzu wurden retrospektiv die technischen Einstellungsparameter, Patientendaten wie Alter und Geschlecht sowie die zugehörige rechtfertigende Indikation ermittelt. Unter Betrachtung der technischen Einstellungsparameter konnten signifikante Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Region und des Patientenalters dargestellt werden. Auch im Bezug auf die Indikation ergaben sich deutliche Unterschiede.

Bibliographie / References

1. Buric N, Jovanovic G, Tijanic M (2013) Usefulness of cone-beam CT for presurgical assessment of keratoma (cholesteatoma) of the maxillary sinus. Head Neck 35:E221-E225. doi: 10.1002/hed.23031
2. Lee S, Gallia GL, Reh DD et al (2012) Intraoperative C-arm cone-beam computed tomography: Quantitative analysis of surgical performance in skull base surgery. The Laryngoscope 122:1925-1932. doi: 10.1002/lary.23374
3. Bremke M, Leppek R, Werner JA (2010) Die digitale Volumentomographie in der HNO-Heilkunde. HNO 58:823-832. doi: 10.1007/s00106-010-2110-1
4. Zahnert T (2011) Rekonstruktion der Ossikelkette mit passiven Implantaten. HNO 59:964-973. doi: 10.1007/s00106-011-2366-0
5. Güldner C, Weiß R, Eivazi B et al (2012) Intracochleäre Elektrodenlage: Beurteilung mittels "cone beam computed tomography" nach tiefer Insertion. HNO 60:817-822. doi: 10.1007/s00106-012-2527-9
6. Pein MK, Brandt S, Plontke SK, Kösling S (2014) Darstellung subtiler Schläfenbeinstrukturen: In-vivo-Vergleich digitale Volumentomographie vs. Multidetektor-CT. Radiol 54:271-278. doi: 10.1007/s00117-013- 2644-9
7. Hall EJ (2002) Lessons we have learned from our children: cancer risks from diagnostic radiology. Pediatr Radiol 32:700-706. doi: 10.1007/s00247- 002-0774-8
8. Teymoortash A, Hamzei S, Murthum T et al (2011) Temporal bone imaging using digital volume tomography and computed tomography: a comparative cadaveric radiological study. Surg Radiol Anat 33:123-128. doi: 10.1007/s00276-010-0713-6
9. Eggesbø HB (2006) Radiological imaging of inflammatory lesions in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Eur Radiol 16:872-888. doi: 10.1007/s00330-005-0068-2
10. Dalchow CV, Weber AL, Bien S et al (2006) Value of digital volume tomography in patients with conductive hearing loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 263:92-99. doi: 10.1007/s00405-005-0995-1
11. Offergeld C, Kromeier J, Aschendorff A et al (2007) Rotational tomography of the normal and reconstructed middle ear in temporal bones: an experimental study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 264:345-351. doi: 10.1007/s00405-006-0180-1
12. Lee SH, Yang TY, Han GS et al (2008) Analysis of the nasal bone and nasal pyramid by three-dimensional computed tomography. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 265:421-424. doi: 10.1007/s00405-007-0476-9
13. Güldner C, Wiegand S, Weiß R et al (2012) Artifacts of the electrode in cochlea implantation and limits in analysis of deep insertion in cone beam tomography (CBT). Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 269:767-772. doi: 10.1007/s00405-011-1719-3
14. Çakli H, Cingi C, Ay Y et al (2012) Use of cone beam computed tomography in otolaryngologic treatments. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 269:711-720. doi: 10.1007/s00405-011-1781-x
15. Dalchow CV, Knecht R, Grzyska U, Muenscher A (2013) Radiographic examination of patients with dehiscence of semicircular canals with digital volume tomography. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 270:511-519. doi: 10.1007/s00405-012-2022-7
16. Güldner C, Ningo A, Voigt J et al (2013) Potential of dosage reduction in cone- beam-computed tomography (CBCT) for radiological diagnostics of the paranasal sinuses. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 270:1307-1315. doi: 10.1007/s00405-012-2177-2
17. Lee IS, Lee J-H, Woo C-K et al (2015) Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of nasal bone fractures: a comparison with conventional radiography and computed tomography. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. doi: 10.1007/s00405- 015-3595-8
18. Hofmann E, Schmid M, Sedlmair M et al (2014) Comparative study of image quality and radiation dose of cone beam and low-dose multislice computed tomography -an in-vitro investigation. Clin Oral Investig 18:301-311. doi: 10.1007/s00784-013-0948-9
19. Faccioli N, Barillari M, Guariglia S et al (2009) Radiation dose saving through the use of cone-beam CT in hearing-impaired patients. Radiol Med (Torino) 114:1308-1318. doi: 10.1007/s11547-009-0462-y
20. Carrafiello G, Dizonno M, Colli V et al (2010) Comparative study of jaws with multislice computed tomography and cone-beam computed tomography. Radiol Med (Torino) 115:600-611. doi: 10.1007/s11547-010-0520-5
21. Bremke M (2011) Die digitale Volumentomographie in der HNO-Heilkunde. Wissen Kompakt 5:39-48. doi: 10.1007/s11838-011-0124-5
22. Kwong JC, Palomo JM, Landers MA et al (2008) Image quality produced by different cone-beam computed tomography settings. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 133:317-327. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.02.053
23. Dahmani-Causse M, Marx M, Deguine O et al (2011) Morphologic examination of the temporal bone by cone beam computed tomography: Comparison with multislice helical computed tomography. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 128:230-235. doi: 10.1016/j.anorl.2011.02.016
24. Eggers G, Klein J, Welzel T, Mühling J (2008) Geometric accuracy of digital volume tomography and conventional computed tomography. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 46:639-644. doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2008.03.019
25. Drage NA, Sivarajasingam V (2009) The use of cone beam computed tomography in the management of isolated orbital floor fractures. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 47:65-66. doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2008.05.005
26. Liang X, Lambrichts I, Sun Y et al (2010) A comparative evaluation of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and Multi-Slice CT (MSCT). Part II: On 3D model accuracy. Eur J Radiol 75:270-274. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.04.016
27. Offergeld C, Kromeier J, Merchant SN et al (2010) Experimental investigation of rotational tomography in reconstructed middle ears with clinical implications. Hear Res 263:191-197. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2009.12.003
28. Stuck BA, Hülse R, Barth TJ (2012) Intraoperative cone beam computed tomography in the management of facial fractures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 41:1171-1175. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2012.06.006
29. Chien J-H, Chen Y-S, Hung I-F et al (2012) Mastoiditis diagnosed by clinical symptoms and imaging studies in children: Disease spectrum and evolving diagnostic challenges. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 45:377-381. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2011.12.008
30. Pauwels R, Beinsberger J, Stamatakis H et al (2012) Comparison of spatial and contrast resolution for cone-beam computed tomography scanners. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 114:127-135. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.01.020
31. Sur J, Seki K, Koizumi H et al (2010) Effects of tube current on cone-beam computerized tomography image quality for presurgical implant planning in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontology 110:e29-e33. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.03.041
32. Prins R, Dauer LT, Colosi DC et al (2011) Significant reduction in dental cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) eye dose through the use of leaded glasses. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontology 112:502-507. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.04.041
33. Martin DR, Semelka RC (2006) Health effects of ionising radiation from diagnostic CT. Lancet 367:1712-1714. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(06)68748-5
34. Knörgen M, Brandt S, Kösling S (2012) Qualitätsvergleich digitaler 3D-fähiger Röntgenanlagen bei HNO-Fragestellungen am Schläfenbein und den Nasennebenhöhlen. RöFo -Fortschritte Auf Dem Geb Röntgenstrahlen Bildgeb Verfahr 184:1153-1160. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1325343
35. Liebing A (2013) Computertomografie -Teil 1: Aufbau, Technik, Bildentstehung. Radiopraxis 06:9-21. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1326232
36. Bitterwolf L, Lünzner K, Heinrichs J et al (2013) Dosisreduktion unter Betrachtung der erforderlichen Bildqualität -Wie viel Dosis braucht ein Bild? Laryngo-Rhino-Otol 92:332-337. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1333781
37. Bremke M, Sesterhenn AM, Murthum T et al (2009) Digital volume tomography (DVT) as a diagnostic modality of the anterior skull base. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 129:1106-1114. doi: 10.1080/00016480802620621
38. Peltonen LI, Aarnisalo AA, Käser Y et al (2009) Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: A New Method for Imaging of the Temporal Bone. Acta Radiol 50:543-548. doi: 10.1080/02841850902839700
39. Aschendorff A, Kubalek R, Hochmuth A et al (2004) Imaging procedures in cochlear implant patients -evaluation of different radiological techniques. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 124:46-49. doi: 10.1080/03655230410017175
40. Yan H, Cervino L, Jia X, Jiang SB (2012) A comprehensive study on the relationship between the image quality and imaging dose in low-dose cone beam CT. Phys Med Biol 57:2063-2080. doi: 10.1088/0031- 9155/57/7/2063
41. Loubele M, Maes F, Jacobs R et al (2008) Comparative study of image quality for MSCT and CBCT scanners for dentomaxillofacial radiology applications. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 129:222-226. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncn154
42. Roberts G, Xatzipsalti M, Borrego LM et al (2013) Paediatric rhinitis: position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Allergy n/a-n/a. doi: 10.1111/all.12235
43. Neves FS, Vasconcelos TV, Campos PSF et al (2014) Influence of scan mode (180°/360°) of the cone beam computed tomography for preoperative dental implant measurements. Clin Oral Implants Res 25:e155-e158. doi: 10.1111/clr.12080
44. Durack C, Patel S, Davies J et al (2011) Diagnostic accuracy of small volume cone beam computed tomography and intraoral periapical radiography for the detection of simulated external inflammatory root resorption: Diagnosis of external root resorption using CBCT and intraoral radiography. Int Endod J 44:136-147. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2591.2010.01819.x
45. Felisati G, Ramadan H (2007) Rhinosinusitis in children: the role of surgery. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 18:68-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1399- 3038.2007.00638.x
46. Shintaku WH, Venturin JS, Azevedo B, Noujeim M (2009) Applications of cone-beam computed tomography in fractures of the maxillofacial complex. Dent Traumatol 25:358-366. doi: 10.1111/j.1600- 9657.2009.00795.x
47. Vazquez E, Castellote A, Piqueras J et al (2003) Imaging of Complications of Acute Mastoiditis in Children1. RadioGraphics 23:359-372. doi: 10.1148/rg.232025076
48. Fatterpekar GM, Doshi AH, Dugar M et al (2006) Role of 3D CT in the Evaluation of the Temporal Bone1. RadioGraphics 26:S117-S132. doi: 10.1148/rg.26si065502
49. Alcalá-Galiano A, Arribas-García IJ, Martín-Pérez MA et al (2008) Pediatric Facial Fractures: Children Are Not Just Small Adults1. RadioGraphics 28:441-461. doi: 10.1148/rg.282075060
50. Tunkel DE, Wootton-Gorges SL, Wei JL (2012) Safer Radiologic Imaging of Otolaryngologic Disease in Children. Otolaryngol --Head Neck Surg 147:3-6. doi: 10.1177/0194599812445728
51. Diogo I, Franke N, Steinbach-Hundt S et al (2014) Differences of radiological artefacts in cochlear implantation in temporal bone and complete head. Cochlear Implants Int 15:112-117. doi: 10.1179/1754762813Y.0000000035
52. Ludlow J, Davies-Ludlow L, Brooks S, Howerton W (2006) Dosimetry of 3 CBCT devices for oral and maxillofacial radiology: CB Mercuray, NewTom 3G and i-CAT. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol 35:219-226. doi: 10.1259/dmfr/14340323
53. Suomalainen A, Kiljunen T, Käser Y et al (2009) Dosimetry and image quality of four dental cone beam computed tomography scanners compared with multislice computed tomography scanners. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol 38:367-378. doi: 10.1259/dmfr/15779208
54. Dawood A, Sauret-Jackson V, Patel S, Darwood A (2010) A novel alignment device for cone beam computed tomography: principle and application. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol 39:375-382. doi: 10.1259/dmfr/21679313
55. Mischkowski RA, Scherer P, Ritter L et al (2008) Diagnostic quality of multiplanar reformations obtained with a newly developed cone beam device for maxillofacial imaging. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol 37:1-9. doi: 10.1259/dmfr/25381129
56. Hassan B, Payam J, Juyanda B et al (2012) Influence of scan setting selections on root canal visibility with cone beam CT. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol 41:645-648. doi: 10.1259/dmfr/27670911
57. Schulze R, Heil U, Groβ D et al (2011) Artefacts in CBCT: a review. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol 40:265-273. doi: 10.1259/dmfr/30642039
58. Javadrashid R, Khatoonabad M, Shams N et al (2011) Comparison of ultrasonography with computed tomography in the diagnosis of nasal bone fractures. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol 40:486-491. doi: 10.1259/dmfr/64452475
59. Schell, Boris (2013) Ultra low dose dual source high-pitch computed tomography of the paranasal sinus: diagnostic sensitivity and radiation dose. doi: 10.1594/ecr2013/C-1754
60. Dalchow CV, Weber AL, Yanagihara N et al (2006) Digital Volume Tomography: Radiologic Examinations of the Temporal Bone. Am J Roentgenol 186:416-423. doi: 10.2214/AJR.04.1353
61. Hong HS, Cha JG, Paik SH et al (2007) High-Resolution Sonography for Nasal Fracture in Children. Am J Roentgenol 188:W86-W92. doi: 10.2214/AJR.05.1067
62. Ali SH, Modic ME, Mahmoud SY, Jones SE (2013) Reducing Clinical MRI Motion Degradation Using a Prescan Patient Information Pamphlet. Am J Roentgenol 200:630-634. doi: 10.2214/AJR.12.9015
63. Savvateeva DM, Güldner C, Murthum T et al (2010) Digital volume tomography (DVT) measurements of the olfactory cleft and olfactory fossa. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 130:398-404. doi: 10.3109/00016480903283741
64. Güldner C, Diogo I, Windfuhr J et al (2011) Analysis of the fossa olfactoria using cone beam tomography (CBT). Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 131:72- 78. doi: 10.3109/00016489.2010.506653
65. Miracle AC, Mukherji SK (2009) Conebeam CT of the Head and Neck, Part 1: Physical Principles. Am J Neuroradiol 30:1088-1095. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A1653
66. Barath K, Huber AM, Stampfli P et al (2011) Neuroradiology of Cholesteatomas. Am J Neuroradiol 32:221-229. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A2052
67. Kolditz D, Struffert T, Kyriakou Y et al (2012) Volume-of-Interest Imaging of the Inner Ear in a Human Temporal Bone Specimen Using a Robot-Driven C-Arm Flat Panel Detector CT System. Am J Neuroradiol 33:E124-E128. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A2577
68. Dammann F, Bootz F, Cohnen M, Hassfeld S, Tatagiba M, Kösling S: (2014) Diagnostic imaging modalities in head and neck disease. Dtsch Aerzteblatt Online. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2014.0417
69. Jaju PP, Jain M, Singh A, Gupta A (2013) Artefacts in cone beam CT. Open J Stomatol 03:292-297. doi: 10.4236/ojst.2013.35049
70. Djeric DR, Folic MM, Blazic SR, Djoric IB (2014) Acute Mastoiditis in Children as Persisting Problem. J Int Adv Otol 10:60-63. doi: 10.5152/iao.2014.013
71. Bahreyni Toossi MT, Malekzadeh M (2012) Radiation Dose to Newborns in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Iran J Radiol 9:145-149. doi: 10.5812/iranjradiol.8065
72. Thomas JP, Berner R, Zahnert T, Dazert S (2014) Acute Otitis Media-a Structured Approach. Dtsch Ärztebl Int 111:151.
73. Stutzki M (2014) Analyse des Einsatzes der Digitalen Volumentomographie in der täglichen Routine der HNO-Bildgebung. Philipps-Univ. Marburg
74. Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (2010) Bekanntmachung der aktualisierten diagnostischen Referenzwerte für diagnostische und interventionelle Röntgenuntersuchungen.
75. Güldner C (2011) Bildgebende Verfahren in der Hals-Nasen-Ohren- Heilkunde Stellenwert der digitalen Volumentomographie. MedReview 10-13.
76. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hals Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf-und Hals- Chirurgie (2012) Cochlea-Implantat Versorgung und zentral-auditorische Implantate. AWMF
77. Mulkens TH, Broers C, Fieuws S et al (2005) Comparison of effective doses for low-dose MDCT and radiographic examination of sinuses in children.
78. Burke TF, Guertler AT, Timmons JH (1994) Comparison of Sinus X-rays with Computed Tomography Scans in Acute Sinusitis. Acad Emerg Med 1:235- 239.
79. Ruivo J, Mermuys K, Bacher K et al (2009) Cone beam computed tomography, a low-dose imaging technique in the postoperative assessment of cochlear implantation. Otol Neurotol 30:299-303.
80. Lofthag-Hansen S (2010) Cone beam computed tomography: radiation dose and image quality assessments. University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg
81. Casselman JW, Gieraerts K, Volders D et al (2013) Cone beam CT: non-dental applications. JBR-BTR Organe Société R Belge Radiol SRBR Orgaan Van K Belg Ver Voor Radiol KBVR 96:333-353.
82. J. Morita MFG.CORP The Pinnacle of 3D Imaging: 3D Accuitomo 170.
83. Nagel HD (2007) CT parameters that influence the radiation dose. In: Radiat. Dose Adult Pediatr. Multidetector Comput. Tomogr. Springer, S 51-79
84. De Foer B, Vercruysse J-P, Bernaerts A et al (2008) Detection of postoperative residual cholesteatoma with non-echo-planar diffusion- weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Otol Neurotol 29:513-517.
85. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Phoniatrie und Pädaudiologie (2013) Periphere Hörstörungen im Kindesalter. AWMF
86. Kyriakou Y, Kolditz D, Langner O et al (2011) Digitale Volumentomografie (DVT) und Mehrschicht-Spiral-CT (MSCT): eine objektive Untersuchung von Dosis und Bildqualität. Rofo 183:144-153.
87. Bremke M, Wiegand S, Sesterhenn AM et al (2009) Digital volume tomography in the diagnosis of nasal bone fractures. Rhinology 47:126.
88. Brenner DJ, Elliston CD, Hall EJ, Berdon WE (2001) Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. Am J Roentgenol 176:289-296.
89. Gupta R, Bartling SH, Basu SK et al (2004) Experimental flat-panel high- spatial-resolution volume CT of the temporal bone. Am J Neuroradiol 25:1417-1424.
90. Alvi A, Doherty T, Lewen G (2003) Facial fractures and concomitant injuries in trauma patients. The Laryngoscope 113:102-106.
91. Fiereder R, am Gro\s svenediger N (2003) Forensische Aspekte in der Parodontologie. na
92. Juliano AF, Ginat DT, Moonis G (2013) Imaging review of the temporal bone: part I. Anatomy and inflammatory and neoplastic processes. Radiology 269:17-33.
93. Daly MJ, Siewerdsen JH, Moseley DJ et al (2006) Intraoperative cone-beam CT for guidance of head and neck surgery: Assessment of dose and image quality using a C-arm prototype. Med Phys 33:3767-3780.
94. Löbrich M, Rief N, Kühne M et al (2005) In vivo formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks after computed tomography examinations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:8984-8989.
95. Alzen G, Benz-Bohm G (2011) Kinderradiologie-Besonderheiten des Strahlenschutzes. N Engl J Med 357:2277-84.
96. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hals Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf-und Hals- Chirurgie (2014) Leitlinie Chronisch-mesotympanale Otitis media. AWMF
97. Leitlinie der Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Radiologie (GPR) in Zusammenarbeit mit der Deutschen Röntgengesellschaft (2013) Kopfschmerz -Bildgebende Diagnostik. AWMF
98. 121. (2014) Leitlinie "Laterale Mittelgesichtsfrakturen". AWMF 10.2 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: A Overview-Scan (Scout-Aufnahme) und B Volume of interest (VOI)
99. Edfeldt L (2013) Middle Ear Cholesteatoma: Surgical Treatment, Follow-up and Hearing Restoration.
100. Mygind N (1997) Nasal blockage: an important symptom of rhinitis. Munksgaard, Copenhagen
101. Mohammadi A, Ghasemi-Rad M (2011) Nasal bone fracture- ultrasonography or computed tomography. Med Ultrason 13:292-295.
102. Strutz J, Arndt O (2010) Praxis der HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf-und Halschirurgie: 265 Tabellen. Thieme, Stuttgart; New York NY
103. Aschendorff A, Kubalek R, Turowski B et al (2005) Quality control after cochlear implant surgery by means of rotational tomography. Otol Neurotol 26:34-37.
104. Werner JA Radiological examinations of the anatomy of the inferior turbinate using Digital Volume Tomography (DVT).
105. Reiser M, Bartenstein P (2011) Radiologie: 110 Tabellen, 3., vollst. überarb. und erw. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart
106. Strahlenschutzkommission (2010) Orientierungshilfe für bildgebende Untersuchungen.
107. Voress M (2007) The increasing use of CT and its risks. Radiol Technol 79:186-190.
108. Kurzweg T, Dalchow CV, Bremke M et al (2010) The value of digital volume tomography in assessing the position of cochlear implant arrays in temporal bone specimens. Ear Hear 31:413-419.
109. Nigam A, Goni A, Benjamin A, Dasgupta AR (1993) The value of radiographs in the management of the fractured nose. Arch Emerg Med 10:293-297.

Das Dokument ist im Internet frei zugänglich - Hinweise zu den Nutzungsrechten