Publikationsserver der Universitätsbibliothek Marburg

Titel:Democracy and Good Governance in a multi-ethnic society: Nigeria as a Case Study. A grassroot study of Igbo, Yoruba and Hausa-Fulani in Nigeria 1999-2011
Autor:Okoro, Cyprian Friday
Weitere Beteiligte: Berg-Schlosser, Dirk (Prof. Dr.)
Veröffentlicht:2012
URI:https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2014/0436
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17192/z2014.0436
URN: urn:nbn:de:hebis:04-z2014-04366
DDC: Politik
Titel (trans.):Demokratie und "Good Governance" in einer multiethnischen Gesellschaft : Nigeria als Fallstudie
Publikationsdatum:2014-05-28
Lizenz:https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/

Dokument

Schlagwörter:
Demokratie, Multi-Ethnic Society, Good Governance, Democracy, Good Governance, Multikulturelle Gesellschaft

Summary:
The “ethnic contraption of Nigerian state” was a natural creation, but exploited by the British through colonisation, and then propagated by the ethnic nationalities therein through the internally entrenched mindsets. The divergence in political mindset derives from her multi-ethnic composition, which created a non solid but soluble political environment. This environment so created and the actors in it, both active and non active attract the attention of scholars who want to probe the continuing poor returns in the democratic adventures of the country. I probed into the fundamental issues responsible for her poor runs on the democratic tracks and the premise was based on the perspectives of people within the three ethnic groups under study, as well as through the exploratory works of Donald L Horowitz, and Clifford Geertz which I call the Horowitz- Geertz framework. A strong ethno-political mindset among the three nationalities of Igbo, Yoruba, and Hausa-Fulani stood as the nucleus of this study. The mindset is evident in their political philosophies, their membership of the registered political parties, their open and discreet political rivalry, and their pattern of political argument. I found also that the political philosophies of the various personalities in the first republic of 1960-1965, and the second republic of 1979-1983 still dominate the present democratic process, from 1999 to 2011, though with minimal difference noticeable only in the personalities within the political parties. I found that some of the major political parties still draw their bulk of supporters or members from the ethnic groups where the parties are formed, particularly in the Yorubaland and the Igboland. Parties are ethnically based and so won elections within the three ethnic regions. I found as well that the people from these three ethnic groups viewed their political rivalry as normal. Just as the people believed that they are members of their ethnic groups first, and Nigeria identity as a matter of coincidence. I found that the issue of ethnic mindset is both internally as well as externally influenced. This contributed to the persistent violent ethnic influenced crises among the three ethnic groups under review. I found also that lack of good governance created deep resentment and distrust of the political class by the masses. I established that the negative ethnic mindset and other internally entrenched contingencies combined to sustain the ethnic divide among the three nationalities, and thereby impede the success of democracy in the country. From 1999 up until 2011, development performances by the elected officials are state specific. Unlike in the pre-independence era and also during the first republic of 1960-1965, where development was purely regional dependent, and rivalry among the three ethnic groups was based on developmental performance. In spite of the inheritance of the same colonial political legacy by the three ethnic nationalities of Igbo, Yoruba, and Hausa-Fulani, the discovered political apprehension within the groups, detailed how ethnic mindset makes nonsense of democratic politics in the country, and constitute the basis for the poor run that has held down democratic politics in Nigeria. I found also that the political philosophies of the various personalities in the first republic of 1960-1965, and the second republic of 1979-1983 still dominate the present democratic process, from 1999 to 2011, though with minimal difference noticeable only in the personalities within the political parties. I found that some of the major political parties still draw their bulk of supporters or members from the ethnic groups where the parties are formed, particularly in the Yorubaland and the Igboland. Parties are ethnically based and so won elections within the three ethnic regions. I found as well that the people from these three ethnic groups viewed their political rivalry as normal. Just as the people believed that they are members of their ethnic groups first, and Nigeria identity as a matter of coincidence. I found that the issue of ethnic mindset is both internally as well as externally influenced. This contributed to the persistent violent ethnic influenced crises among the three ethnic groups under review. I found also that lack of good governance created deep resentment and distrust of the political class by the masses. I established that the negative ethnic mindset and other internally entrenched contingencies combined to sustain the ethnic divide among the three nationalities, and thereby impede the success of democracy in the country. From 1999 up until 2011, development performances by the elected officials are state specific. Unlike in the pre-independence era and also during the first republic of 1960-1965, where development was purely regional dependent, and rivalry among the three ethnic groups was based on developmental performance. In spite of the inheritance of the same colonial political legacy by the three ethnic nationalities of Igbo, Yoruba, and Hausa-Fulani, the discovered political apprehension within the groups, detailed how ethnic mindset makes nonsense of democratic politics in the country, and constitute the basis for the poor run that has held down democratic politics in Nigeria. I found also that the political philosophies of the various personalities in the first republic of 1960-1965, and the second republic of 1979-1983 still dominate the present democratic process, from 1999 to 2011, though with minimal difference noticeable only in the personalities within the political parties. I found that some of the major political parties still draw their bulk of supporters or members from the ethnic groups where the parties are formed, particularly in the Yorubaland and the Igboland. Parties are ethnically based and so won elections within the three ethnic regions. I found as well that the people from these three ethnic groups viewed their political rivalry as normal. Just as the people believed that they are members of their ethnic groups first, and Nigeria identity as a matter of coincidence. I found that the issue of ethnic mindset is both internally as well as externally influenced. This contributed to the persistent violent ethnic influenced crises among the three ethnic groups under review. I found also that lack of good governance created deep resentment and distrust of the political class by the masses. I established that the negative ethnic mindset and other internally entrenched contingencies combined to sustain the ethnic divide among the three nationalities, and thereby impede the success of democracy in the country. From 1999 up until 2011, development performances by the elected officials are state specific. Unlike in the pre-independence era and also during the first republic of 1960-1965, where development was purely regional dependent, and rivalry among the three ethnic groups was based on developmental performance. In spite of the inheritance of the same colonial political legacy by the three ethnic nationalities of Igbo, Yoruba, and Hausa-Fulani, the discovered political apprehension within the groups, detailed how ethnic mindset makes nonsense of democratic politics in the country, and constitute the basis for the poor run that has held down democratic politics in Nigeria. I found also that the political philosophies of the various personalities in the first republic of 1960-1965, and the second republic of 1979-1983 still dominate the present democratic process, from 1999 to 2011, though with minimal difference noticeable only in the personalities within the political parties. I found that some of the major political parties still draw their bulk of supporters or members from the ethnic groups where the parties are formed, particularly in the Yorubaland and the Igboland. Parties are ethnically based and so won elections within the three ethnic regions. I found as well that the people from these three ethnic groups viewed their political rivalry as normal. Just as the people believed that they are members of their ethnic groups first, and Nigeria identity as a matter of coincidence. I found that the issue of ethnic mindset is both internally as well as externally influenced. This contributed to the persistent violent ethnic influenced crises among the three ethnic groups under review. I found also that lack of good governance created deep resentment and distrust of the political class by the masses. I established that the negative ethnic mindset and other internally entrenched contingencies combined to sustain the ethnic divide among the three nationalities, and thereby impede the success of democracy in the country. From 1999 up until 2011, development performances by the elected officials are state specific. Unlike in the pre-independence era and also during the first republic of 1960-1965, where development was purely regional dependent, and rivalry among the three ethnic groups was based on developmental performance. In spite of the inheritance of the same colonial political legacy by the three ethnic nationalities of Igbo, Yoruba, and Hausa-Fulani, the discovered political apprehension within the groups, detailed how ethnic mindset makes nonsense of democratic politics in the country, and constitute the basis for the poor run that has held down democratic politics in Nigeria.

Bibliographie / References

  1. Forde, Daryll and G. I. Jones. (1950). The Ibo and Ibibio-Speaking Peoples of South- Eastern Nigeria. London: Oxford University Press.
  2. Lewis, Arthur W. (1965). Politics in West Africa: Toronto and New York: Oxford University Press.
  3. Kirk-Green, A. H. M. (1968). Lugard and The Amalgamation of Nigeria: A Documentary Record. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  4. Gbadamosi, T. G. O. (1978). The Growth of Islam Among the Yoruba, 1841 – 1908.
  5. Isichei, Elizabeth. (1983). A History of Nigeria. London, Lagos, New York: Longman.
  6. Paden, John. N. (1986). Ahmadu Bello Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria. London, Sydney, Auckland, Toronto: Hodder and Stoughton.
  7. Huntington, Samuel P. (1968), Political order in changing societies, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press.
  8. Akalazu Nwachuku, Levi; Uzoigwe, G.N (2004), Trouble Journey: Nigeria since the civil war, Lanham, Md: University Press of America.
  9. Lijphart, Arend. (1997), Democracy in Plural Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  10. Gurr, Ted. (2002), Robert. Peoples Versus States; Minorities at Risk in the New Century, Washington, United States Institute of Peace Press.
  11. Huntington, Samuel P. (1993a), The Third Wave: Democratization in the late Twentieth Century, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
  12. Lijphart, Arend. (1999), Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  13. Beetham, D. (1994), Defining and Measuring Democracy. London, Sage.
  14. Alexander, G. (2002), The Sources of Democratic Consolidation, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  15. Norberto, Bobbio. (1987), The Future of Democracy. Cambridge, Polity Press.
  16. Falola, Toyin. (1985). " From Hospitality to Hostility: Ibadan and Strangers, 1830 – 1904. " The Journal of African History 26(1): 51 – 68.
  17. Sklar, Richard L. (1965). " Contradictions in the Nigerian Political System. " Journal of Modern African Studies 3(2): 201 – 213.
  18. Osaghae, Eghosa. E. (2003). Explaining the Changing Patterns of Ethnic Politics in Nigeria. " Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 9(3): 54 -73
  19. Dudley, B. J. (1966). " Federalism and the Balance of Political Power in Nigeria " Journal of Commonwealth Studies 4:16 – 29.
  20. Ottenberg, Simon. (1958). " Ibo Oracles and Intergroup Relations. " Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 14: 295 – 317.
  21. Coleman, James. S. (1955). " The Problem of Political Integration in Emergent Africa. " The Western Political Quarterly 8(1):44 – 57.
  22. Ottenberg, Simon. (1955). " Improvement Associations among the Afikpo Igbo. " Africa XXV:1-27.
  23. Crowder, Michael and Obaro Ikime (1970), " Introduction " West African Chiefs: Their Changing Status under Colonial Rule and Independence, eds. Michael Crowder and
  24. Nzimiro, Ikenna. (1972). Studies in Ibo Political Systems: Chieftaincy and Politics in Four Niger States. London: Frank Cass.
  25. Coleman, James S. (1958). Nigeria: Background to Nationalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  26. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1949). " Studies in African Linguistic Classification. " Southwest Journal of Anthropology 5
  27. Tsurutani, Taketsugu. (1968). " Stability and Instability: A Note in Comparative Political Analysis. " The Journal of Politics 30(4): 910 – 933.
  28. Anene, J. C. (1970). The International Boundaries of Nigeria 1885 – 1960. New York: The Humanities Press.
  29. Ottenberg, Simon. (1971). Leadership and Authority in an African Society: The Afikpo Village-Group. Seattle and London: University of Seattle Press.
  30. Yeld, E. R. (1960) " Islam and Social Stratification in Northern Nigeria " The British Journal of Sociology 11(2): 112 – 128
  31. Geertz, C. (1973), The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, New York, Basic Books.
  32. Johnson, Samuel. (1921). The History of the Yorubas: From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the British Protectorate. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  33. Powell, G. Binghan, Jr. (1982), Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability and Violence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  34. Ekechi, F. K. (1971). " Colonialism and Christianity in West Africa: The Igbo Case, 1900 -1915. " The Journal of African History 12(1): 103 -115
  35. Adewoye, O. (1971). " The Judicial Agreements in Yorubaland 1904-1908. " The Journal of African History 12(4):607 627.
  36. Almond, Gabriel. A. (1965). " A Development Approach to Political Systems. " World Politics 7: 183 – 214
  37. Van Dyke, Vermon. (1977) " The Individual, the State, and the Ethnic Communities in Political Theory " World Politics 29(3): 343 – 369.
  38. Uchendu, Victor C. (1965). The Igbo of Southeast Nigeria. USA, Canada and UK: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  39. Abigail Olakitan Senior civil servant, Ogun State 16.10.2010
  40. Ademola Philip Senior Staff, Ministry of Education, Ogun state 15.10.2010
  41. Dike, O. K. (1953). " African History and Self Government " London
  42. Albert Udensi Non-affiliated, Enugu 24.05.2009
  43. Alhaji Alhassan Modibo Senior civil Servant, Kano 15.06.2009
  44. Alhaji Mahmud Bashir Senior Offcial, ACN, Abuja 30.09.2011 Bibliography:
  45. Alhaji Usman Dambatta Non-affiliated 18.06.2009
  46. Alhaji Yinusa Abdullahi Senior civil Servant, Abuja 05.06.2009
  47. Animashaun Okenla Senior Staff, Ministry of Education, Ogub state 23.10.2010
  48. Anonymous Ministry of Finance, Enugu 10.10.2010
  49. Alhaji Umaru Gwarzo Member, ANPP, kano state 16.06.2009
  50. Anselm Udenkwo Non-affiliated, Enugu 08.10.2011
  51. Paden, John. N. (1970). " Aspects of Emirship in Kano. " Pp. 162 – 186: in West African Chiefs: The Changing Status Under Colonial Rule and Independence, eds.
  52. Chazan, Naomi. (1993). " Between Liberalism and Statism: African Political Cultures and Democracy. " Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries, ed. Larry Diamond. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  53. Ayandele, E. A. (1970). " Changing Position of the Awujales of Ijebuland Under Colonial Rule. " Pp. 231 – 254: in West African Chiefs: Their Changing Status Under Colonial Rule and Independence, eds. Michael Crowder and Obaro Ikime. Ile-Ife and New York: Africana Publishing Corp. and University of Ife Press.
  54. Chief Odumasu Abiodun Senior member, ACN, Ogun state 23.10.2010
  55. Jones, G. I. (1970). " Chieftaincy in the Former Eastern Region of Nigeria. " Pp. 312 – 324: in West African Chiefs: Their Changing Status Under Colonial Rule and Independence, eds. Michael Crowder and Ikime Obaro. Ile-Ife and New York: Africana Publishing Corp and University of Ife Press.
  56. Zolberg, Aristide R. (1966) Creating Political Order: The Party-States of West Africa. " The American Political Science Review 62(1): 70 -87
  57. Kirk-Green, A. H. M. (1971). Crises and Conflict in Nigeria: A Documentary Sourcebook 1966 – 1969. London: Oxford University Press.
  58. Dauda Idowu Senior Staff, Ministry of Education, Ogun State. 23.10.2010
  59. Przeworski, Adam, Alvarez Michael E, Cheibub, Jose Antonio, and Limongi, Fernando (2000), Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990, New York, Cambridge University Press.
  60. Sartori, Giovanni. (1962) Democratic Theory, Frederick . A. Praeger Publishers, New York. Washington. London.
  61. Grugel, Jean (2002). Democratization: A Critical Introduction, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  62. Whitehead. Laurence (2002), Democratization: Theory and Experience, Oxford, Oxford University Press
  63. Berg-Schlosser, D. (2007). Democratization: The State of the Art, 2 nd revised edition, Barbara Budrich Publishers, Leverkusen Opladen.
  64. Diamond, Larry. (1999), Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press.
  65. Dahl, Robert A. (1982) Dilemma of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy vs. Control, Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
  66. Horowitz, Donald. L. (1985), Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.
  67. Nnoli, Okwudiba, (1995). Ethnicity and Development in Nigeria, Aldershot Brookfield USA, Hong Kong, Singapore Sydney: Avebury.
  68. Nnoli, Okwudiba. (1979) Ethnic Politics in Nigeria, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing Company.
  69. Afigbo, A. E. (1989). " Federal Character: Its Meaning and History. " Federal Character and Federalism in Nigeria, eds. Peter P. Ekeh and E. E. Osaghae. Ibadan: Heinemann.
  70. Istifanus, J. J; Kajang, T. J. (2006), Government and Governance in Nigeria, Sabon Gari (Nigeria), Saad De'en Press Ita, Nduntuei O. (1971). Bibliography of Nigeria: A Survey of Anthropological and Linguistics Writings from the Earliest Times to 1966. London: Frank Cass.
  71. Atanda, J. A. (1973). " Government of Yorubaland in the Pre-Colonial Period. " Tarikh IV(2): 1 – 9.
  72. Isichei, Elizabeth. (1969). " Historical Change in an Igbo Polity: Asaba to 1885. " Journal of African History X (3): 321 – 438.
  73. O'Donnell, Guillermo. (1999), " Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies. " In the Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in Democracies, ed. Andreas Schedler, Larry. Diamond, and Marc. F. Plattner. Boulder, Connecticut: Lynne Rienner.
  74. Ibadan Expansion and the Rise of the Ekitiparapo. New York: Humanities Press.
  75. Ottenberg, Simon. (1962). " Ibo Receptivity to Change. " Community and Change in African Cultures, eds. William J. Boscom and M. J. Herskovits. Chigago: University of Chicago Press.
  76. Izu, Marcel O. (1994), Idealism, Politics and Nation Building, The Nigerian Experience. Owerri, Assumpta Press, Owerri.
  77. Badru, Pade. (1998). Imperialism and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria. Trenton, New Jersey and Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press.
  78. Afigbo, A. E. (1974). " Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria: The Era of the Warrant Chiefs, 1891 – 1929. " Tarikh IV (4).
  79. Hochschule Fulda. Intercultural Communication and European Studies. 2007. Thesis: " European Union Common Foreign Policy and its effect on Nigeria-European Union diplomatic relations. " B.A. (Hons). University of Ibadan, Ibadan 2001 European Studies (German).
  80. Malam Ilyasu Maina Senior civil servant, Kano. 04.10.2010
  81. Alhaji Inuwa Gusau Staff, Ministry of Education, Kano state 18.06.2009
  82. Tamuno, Tekena N. (1966). Nigeria and Elective Representation 1923 – 1947.
  83. Akintoye, S. A. (1970). " Obas of the Ekiti Confederacy since the Advent of the British. " Pp. 255 – 270: in West African Chiefs: Their Changing Status under Colonial Rule and Independence, eds. Michael Crowder and Obaro Ikime. Ile Ife: Africana Publishing Corp and University of Ife Press.
  84. Obioha Nwankwo Non-affiliated, Abuja 09.06.2009
  85. Nsugbe, Philip O. (1974). Ohafia: A Matrilineal Ibo People. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  86. Olagunju Bamidele Retired Staff, Ministry of Education, Ogun state 16.10.2010
  87. Osnabrueck Germany E-mail: cokoro@uni-Marburg.de Cyfry2001@yahoo.com (0049) 15211787681 (+234) 07035941837
  88. Asiwaju, A. I. (1985), Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations across Africa's Boundaries 1884-1984, Lagos, Lagos University Press
  89. Thesis: " Political parties in a presidential democracy: Nigeria as a Case Study, Democracy without Democrats (Working Topic).
  90. Dahl, Robert. A. (1971), Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  91. B.A Project Work: The Role of Diplomacy in the National Unification of Germany under the Era of Otto Von Bismarck 1862 – 1890.
  92. Akintoye, S. A. (1971). Revolution and Power Politics in Yorubaland, 1840 – 1893:
  93. Alhaji Mahmud Abdullahi Businessman, Sabon gari market, Kano. 04.10.2010
  94. Samson Akpan Senior Civil servant, Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Ogun state 23.10.2010
  95. Samson Okonkwo Non-affiliated 16.10.2010
  96. Sobayo Shobande Non-affiliated, Abeokuta 16.10.2010
  97. Solomon Adebiyi Senior Staff, Ministry of Education, Ogun state 24.10.2010
  98. Anene, J. C. (1966). Southern Nigeria in Transition, 1885 – 1906. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  99. Migdal, Joel. (1988). Strong Societies and Weak States: Power and Domination in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  100. Aborigade, Oladimeji and Mundt, Robert J (1998), Politics in Nigeria, Harlow, Longman Adekanye, J. Bayo (1995), " Structural Adjustment, Democratization and the rising ethnic tensions in Africa. " Development and Change, 26, 355 – 374.
  101. Atanda, J. A. (1970). " The Changing Status of the Alafin of Oyo under Colonial Rule and Independence. " Pp. 212 – 230: in West African Chiefs: Their Changing Status Under Colonial Rule and Independence, eds. Michael Crowder and Obaro Ikime. Ile- Ife and New York: Africana Publishing Corp and University of Ife Press.
  102. Anthony H Birch (2007), The Concepts, and Theories of Modern Democracy, Routledge Publication New York.
  103. Afigbo, A. E. (1971a) " The Eclipse of the Aro Slaving Oligarchy of South-Eastern Nigeria 1901 – 1927. " Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria VI (1): 3 – 242.
  104. Tamuno, Tekena N. (1972). The Evolution of Nigerian State: the Southern Phase, 1898 – 1914. NY: Humanities Press.
  105. Fadipe, N. A. (1970). " The History of the Yoruba. " Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.
  106. Isichei, Elizabeth. (1973). The Igbo People and Europeans: The Genesis of a Revolution: New York: St Martins Press.
  107. Geertz, C. (1963) " The integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States; " in Old societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa, ed. Clifford Geertz, New York: Free Press.
  108. Hoffman, C. (1974). The Languages of Nigeria by Language Families. Mimeograph, Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages: University of Ibadan.
  109. Fisher. Glen. (1998), The Mindsets Factor in Ethnic Conflict; A Cross-Cultural Agenda, Yarmouth, Intercultural Press.
  110. Biobaku, S. O. (1955). The Origin of the Yoruba. Lagos: Government Printer. Birch, A. H. (1967), Representative and Responsible Government, London, Allen & Unwin.
  111. Goodin, Robert E and Tilly Charles (2006). The Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Analysis, Oxford University Press, Oxford Green, M. M. (1947). Ibo Village Affairs. London. Heinemann.
  112. Afigbo, A. E. (1973). " The Political Systems of the Igbo. " Tarikh IV(2):13 – 23.
  113. Nwankwo, A. A. (1988), The Power dynamics of the Nigerian Society: People, Politics, and Power. Enugu, (Nigeria), Fourth Foundation Nwoga, D. I. (1971). " The Chi " , Individualism and Igbo Religion: A Comment. " Igbo Traditional Life, Culture and Literature, vol. III, eds M. J. C. Echeruo and E. N Obiechina. Owerri, Nigeria: The Conch Magazine Limited.
  114. Bouma, Gary. D. (1996). The Research Process. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
  115. Falola, Toyin and Julius Ihonvbere. (1985). The Rise and Fall of Nigeria's Second Republic, 1979 – 84. London: Zed Books Ltd.
  116. A grassroot study of Igbo, Yoruba and Hausa-Fulani Co-Supervised by: Professors Dirk Berg-Schlosser, and Claudia Derichs M.A. (in view) University of Osnabrueck, Democratic Governance and Civil Society, 2013
  117. Huntington, Samuel P. (1965), " Political development and political decay, " World Politics, 17, 3, 386 – 430
  118. Broder, David. (2000), Democracy Derailed. New York, Harcourt.
  119. Forde, Daryll . (1951). The Yoruba Speaking Peoples of South-Western Nigeria.
  120. Gbadamosi, T. G. O. (1972). " The Imamate Question Among Yoruba Muslims. " The Journal of Historical Society of Nigeria VI(2): 229 – 237.
  121. Oguntomisin, G. O. (1981). " Political Change and Adaptation in Yorubaland in the Nineteenth Century. " Canadian Journal of African Studies 15(2): 223 – 237.


* Das Dokument ist im Internet frei zugänglich - Hinweise zu den Nutzungsrechten