Dokument

Zusammenfassung:
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eines der häufigsten Tiermodelle der Parkinson-Forschung - das striatale 6-OHDA-Modell - im Zeitverlauf über 8 Wochen unter Berücksichtigung von dopaminergem Zellverlust, Dopaminkonzentration, Radikalentstehung als Marker für oxidativen Stress sowie Verhaltensbeeinträchtigungen an der Maus charakterisiert.

Bibliographie / References

1. Lotharius, J.; Dugan, L.L.; O'Malley, K.L.: Distinct Mechanisms Underlie Neurotoxin-Mediated Cell Death in Cultured Dopaminergic Neurons. J.Neurosci.: 19(4): 1284-1293; 1999
2. Huot, P.; Parent, A.: Dopaminergic Neurons Intrinsic to the Striatum. J.Neurochem.: 101(6): 1441-1447; 2007
3. Radi, R.; Beckman, J.S.; Bush, K.M.; Freeman, B.A.: Peroxynitrite- Induced Membrane Lipid Peroxidation: the Cytotoxic Potential of Superoxide and Nitric Oxide. Arch.Biochem.Biophys.: 288(2): 481- 487; 1991
4. Thoenen, H.; Tranzer, J.P.: Chemical Sympathectomy by Selective Destruction of Adrenergic Nerve Endings With 6-Hydroxydopamine.
5. Tande, D.; Hoglinger, G.; Debeir, T.; Freundlieb, N.; Hirsch, E.C.; Francois, C.: New Striatal Dopamine Neurons in MPTP-Treated Macaques Result From a Phenotypic Shift and Not Neurogenesis. Brain: 129(Pt 5): 1194-1200; 2006
6. Sofic, E.; Lange, K.W.; Jellinger, K.; Riederer, P.: Reduced and Oxidized Glutathione in the Substantia Nigra of Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci.Lett.: 142(2): 128-130; 1992
7. Wallace, B.A.; Ashkan, K.; Heise, C.E.; Foote, K.D.; Torres, N.; Mitrofanis, J.; Benabid, A.L.: Survival of Midbrain Dopaminergic Cells After Lesion or Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus in MPTP-Treated Monkeys. Brain: 130(Pt 8): 2129-2145; 2007
8. Blum, D.; Torch, S.; Lambeng, N.; Nissou, M.; Benabid, A.L.; Sadoul, R.; Verna, J.M.: Molecular Pathways Involved in the Neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA, Dopamine and MPTP: Contribution to the Apoptotic Theory in Parkinson's Disease. Prog.Neurobiol.: 65(2):
9. Bensadoun, J.C.; Deglon, N.; Tseng, J.L.; Ridet, J.L.; Zurn, A.D.; Aebischer, P.: Lentiviral Vectors As a Gene Delivery System in the Mouse Midbrain: Cellular and Behavioral Improvements in a 6- OHDA Model of Parkinson's Disease Using GDNF. Exp.Neurol.: 164(1): 15-24; 2000
10. Hanrott, K.; Gudmunsen, L.; O'Neill, M.J.; Wonnacott, S.: 6- Hydroxydopamine-Induced Apoptosis Is Mediated Via Extracellular Auto-Oxidation and Caspase 3-Dependent Activation of Protein Kinase Cdelta. J.Biol.Chem.: 281(9): 5373-5382; 2006
11. Jeon, B.S.; Jackson-Lewis, V.; Burke, R.E.: 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesion of the Rat Substantia Nigra: Time Course and Morphology of Cell Death . Neurodegeneration.: 4(2): 131-137; 1995
12. Bezard, E.; Gross, C.E.; Fournier, M.C.; Dovero, S.; Bloch, B.; Jaber, M.: Absence of MPTP-Induced Neuronal Death in Mice Lacking the Dopamine Transporter. Exp.Neurol.: 155(2): 268-273; 1999
13. Whishaw, I.Q.; Metz, G.A.; Kolb, B.; Pellis, S.M.: Accelerated Nervous System Development Contributes to Behavioral Efficiency in the Laboratory Mouse: a Behavioral Review and Theoretical Proposal. Dev.Psychobiol.: 39(3): 151-170; 2001
14. McNaught, K.S.; Belizaire, R.; Isacson, O.; Jenner, P.; Olanow, C.W.: Altered Proteasomal Function in Sporadic Parkinson's
15. Hirsch, E.C.: Altered Regulation of Iron Transport and Storage in Parkinson's Disease. J.Neural Transm.Suppl:(71): 201-204; 2006
16. Lundblad, M.; Picconi, B.; Lindgren, H.; Cenci, M.A.: A Model of L- DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesioned Mice: Relation to Motor and Cellular Parameters of Nigrostriatal Function. Neurobiol.Dis.: 16(1): 110-123; 2004
17. Giasson, B.I.; Jakes, R.; Goedert, M.; Duda, J.E.; Leight, S.; Trojanowski, J.Q.; Lee, V.M.: A Panel of Epitope-Specific Antibodies Detects Protein Domains Distributed Throughout Human Alpha-Synuclein in Lewy Bodies of Parkinson's Disease.
18. Giasson, B.I.; Lee, V.M.: Are Ubiquitination Pathways Central to Parkinson's Disease? Cell: 114(1): 1-8; 2003
19. Sedelis, M.; Schwarting, R.K.; Huston, J.P.: Behavioral Phenotyping of the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Behav.Brain Res.: 125(1-2): 109-125; 2001
20. Jellinger, K.A.: Cell Death Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease.
21. Sundstrom, E.; Fredriksson, A.; Archer, T.: Chronic Neurochemical and Behavioral Changes in MPTP-Lesioned C57BL/6 Mice: a Model for Parkinson's Disease. Brain Res.: 528(2): 181-188; 1990
22. Mizoguchi, K.; Yuzurihara, M.; Ishige, A.; Sasaki, H.; Tabira, T.: Chronic Stress Impairs Rotarod Performance in Rats: Implications for Depressive State. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav.: 71(1-2): 79-84; 2002
23. Hefti, F.; Melamed, E.; Sahakian, B.J.; Wurtman, R.J.: Circling Behavior in Rats With Partial, Unilateral Nigro-Striatal Lesions: Effect of Amphetamine, Apomorphine, and DOPA.
24. Schober, A.: Classic Toxin-Induced Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease: 6-OHDA and MPTP. Cell Tissue Res.: 318(1): 215-224; 2004
25. Zigmond, M.J.; Abercrombie, E.D.; Berger, T.W.; Grace, A.A.; Stricker, E.M.: Compensations After Lesions of Central Dopaminergic Neurons: Some Clinical and Basic Implications. Trends Neurosci.: 13(7): 290-296; 1990
26. Kaur, H.; Halliwell, B.: Detection of Hydroxyl Radicals by Aromatic Hydroxylation. Methods Enzymol.: 233: 67-82; 1994
27. Die Seiten 92-93 enthalten persönliche Daten. Sie sind deshalb nicht Bestandteil der Online-Veröffentlichung.
28. Tanner, C.M.; Langston, J.W.: Do Environmental Toxins Cause Parkinson's Disease? A Critical Review. Neurology: 40(10 Suppl 3): suppl-30; 1990
29. Dopamine Neuron System: Evidence for Cell Death in the
30. Lee, C.S.; Sauer, H.; Bjorklund, A.: Dopaminergic Neuronal Degeneration and Motor Impairments Following Axon Terminal Lesion by Instrastriatal 6-Hydroxydopamine in the Rat. Neuroscience: 72(3): 641-653; 1996
31. Przedborski, S.; Levivier, M.; Jiang, H.; Ferreira, M.; Jackson-Lewis, V.; Donaldson, D.; Togasaki, D.M.: Dose-Dependent Lesions of the Dopaminergic Nigrostriatal Pathway Induced by Intrastriatal Injection of 6-Hydroxydopamine. Neuroscience: 67(3): 631-647; 1995
32. Rozas, G.; Labandeira Garcia, J.L.: Drug-Free Evaluation of Rat Models of Parkinsonism and Nigral Grafts Using a New Automated Rotarod Test. Brain Res.: 749(2): 188-199; 1997
33. Olanow, C.W.; Tatton, W.G.: Etiology and Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Annu.Rev.Neurosci.: 22: 123-144; 1999
34. Blum, D.; Torch, S.; Nissou, M.F.; Benabid, A.L.; Verna, J.M.: Extracellular Toxicity of 6-Hydroxydopamine on PC12 Cells. Neurosci.Lett.: 283(3): 193-196; 2000
35. Kumar, R.; Agarwal, A.K.; Seth, P.K.: Free Radical-Generated Neurotoxicity of 6-Hydroxydopamine. J.Neurochem.: 64(4): 1703- 1707; 1995
36. Iwata, S.; Nomoto, M.; Morioka, H.; Miyata, A.: Gene Expression Profiling in the Midbrain of Striatal 6-Hydroxydopamine-Injected Mice. Synapse: 51(4): 279-286; 2004
37. Smeyne, M.; Jiao, Y.; Shepherd, K.R.; Smeyne, R.J.: Glia Cell Number Modulates Sensitivity to MPTP in Mice. Glia: 52(2): 144- 152; 2005
38. Hirsch, E.C.; Hunot, S.; Damier, P.; Faucheux, B.: Glial Cells and Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease: a Role in Neurodegeneration? Ann.Neurol.: 44(3 Suppl 1): S115-S120; 1998
39. Sian, J.; Dexter, D.T.; Lees, A.J.; Daniel, S.; Jenner, P.; Marsden, C.D.: Glutathione-Related Enzymes in Brain in Parkinson's Disease. Ann.Neurol.: 36(3): 356-361; 1994
40. Yuan, H.; Sarre, S.; Ebinger, G.; Michotte, Y.: Histological, Behavioural and Neurochemical Evaluation of Medial Forebrain Bundle and Striatal 6-OHDA Lesions As Rat Models of Parkinson's Disease. J.Neurosci.Methods: 144(1): 35-45; 2005
41. Anhang 132. Trepanier, G.; Furling, D.; Puymirat, J.; Mirault, M.E.: Immunocytochemical Localization of Seleno-Glutathione Peroxidase in the Adult Mouse Brain. Neuroscience: 75(1): 231- 243; 1996
42. Zigmond, M.J.; Hastings, T.G.; Perez, R.G.: Increased Dopamine Turnover After Partial Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons: Compensation or Toxicity? Parkinsonism.Relat Disord.: 8(6): 389- 393; 2002
43. Markey, S.P.; Johannessen, J.N.; Chiueh, C.C.; Burns, R.S.; Herkenham, M.A.: Intraneuronal Generation of a Pyridinium Metabolite May Cause Drug-Induced Parkinsonism. Nature: 311(5985): 464-467; 1984
44. Berg, D.; Hochstrasser, H.: Iron Metabolism in Parkinsonian Syndromes. Mov Disord.: 21(9): 1299-1310; 2006
45. Hirsch, E.C.: Iron Transport in Parkinson's Disease. Parkinsonism.Relat Disord.: 15 Suppl 3: S209-S211; 2009
46. Berlit, P.: Klinische Neurologie. 2006
47. Glinka, Y.; Gassen, M.; Youdim, M.B.: Mechanism of 6- Hydroxydopamine Neurotoxicity. J.Neural Transm.Suppl: 50: 55-66; 1997
48. Glinka, Y.; Tipton, K.F.; Youdim, M.B.: Mechanism of Inhibition of Mitochondrial Respiratory Complex I by 6-Hydroxydopamine and Its Prevention by Desferrioxamine. Eur.J.Pharmacol.: 351(1): 121-129; 1998
49. Tanaka, K.; Ogawa, N.; Asanuma, M.: Molecular Basis of 6- Hydroxydopamine-Induced Caspase Activations Due to Increases in Oxidative Stress in the Mouse Striatum. Neurosci.Lett.: 410(2): 85-89; 2006
50. Moore, D.J.; West, A.B.; Dawson, V.L.; Dawson, T.M.: Molecular Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease. Annu.Rev.Neurosci.: 28: 57-87; 2005
51. Ichitani, Y.; Okamura, H.; Matsumoto, Y.; Nagatsu, I.; Ibata, Y.: Degeneration of the Nigral Dopamine Neurons After 6- Hydroxydopamine Injection into the Rat Striatum. Brain Res.: 549(2): 350-353; 1991
52. Glinka, Y.; Tipton, K.F.; Youdim, M.B.: Nature of Inhibition of Mitochondrial Respiratory Complex I by 6-Hydroxydopamine.
53. Schmidt, N.; Ferger, B.: Neurochemical Findings in the MPTP Model of Parkinson's Disease. J.Neural Transm.: 108(11): 1263- 1282; 2001
54. Walkinshaw, G.; Waters, C.M.: Neurotoxin-Induced Cell Death in Neuronal PC12 Cells Is Mediated by Induction of Apoptosis. Neuroscience: 63(4): 975-987; 1994
55. Jenner, P.: Oxidative Stress and Parkinson's Disease.
56. Jenner, P.: Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease. Ann.Neurol.: 53 Suppl 3: S26-S36; 2003
57. Tande, D.; Feger, J.; Hirsch, E.C.; Francois, C.: Parafascicular Nucleus Projection to the Extrastriatal Basal Ganglia in Monkeys. Neuroreport: 17(3): 277-280; 2006
58. Lang, A.E.; Lozano, A.M.: Parkinson's Disease. Second of Two Parts. N.Engl.J.Med.: 339(16): 1130-1143; 1998
59. Hartmann, A.; Hirsch, E.C.: Parkinson's Disease. The Apoptosis Hypothesis Revisited. Adv.Neurol.: 86: 143-153; 2001
60. Oertel, W.H.; Kupsch, A.: Pathogenesis and Animal Studies of Parkinson's Disease. Curr.Opin.Neurol.Neurosurg.: 6(3): 323-332; 1993
61. Nishimura, F.; Yoshikawa, M.; Kanda, S.; Nonaka, M.; Yokota, H.; Shiroi, A.; Nakase, H.; Hirabayashi, H.; Ouji, Y.; Birumachi, J.; Ishizaka, S.; Sakaki, T.: Potential Use of Embryonic Stem Cells for the Treatment of Mouse Parkinsonian Models: Improved Behavior by Transplantation of in Vitro Differentiated Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells: 21(2): 171-180; 2003
62. Bezard, E.; Gross, C.E.; Brotchie, J.M.: Presymptomatic Compensation in Parkinson's Disease Is Not Dopamine-Mediated.
63. Sauer, H.; Oertel, W.H.: Progressive Degeneration of Nigrostriatal Dopamine Neurons Following Intrastriatal Terminal Lesions With 6- Hydroxydopamine: a Combined Retrograde Tracing and Immunocytochemical Study in the Rat . Neuroscience: 59(2): 401- 415; 1994
64. Heikkila, R.E.; Manzino, L.; Cabbat, F.S.; Duvoisin, R.C.: Protection Against the Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity of 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl- 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine by Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. Nature: 311(5985): 467-469; 1984
65. Protein Adducts in Parkinson Disease. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A: 93(7): 2696-2701; 1996
66. McGeer, P.L.; Itagaki, S.; Boyes, B.E.; McGeer, E.G.: Reactive Microglia Are Positive for HLA-DR in the Substantia Nigra of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease Brains. Neurology: 38(8):
67. Henze, C.; Earl, C.; Sautter, J.; Schmidt, N.; Themann, C.; Hartmann, A.; Oertel, W.H.: Reactive Oxidative and Nitrogen Species in the Nigrostriatal System Following Striatal 6- Hydroxydopamine Lesion in Rats. Brain Res.: 1052(1): 97-104; 2005
68. Schwarting, R.K.; Bonatz, A.E.; Carey, R.J.; Huston, J.P.: Relationships Between Indices of Behavioral Asymmetries and Neurochemical Changes Following Mesencephalic 6- Hydroxydopamine Injections. Brain Res.: 554(1-2): 46-55; 1991
69. Morimoto, S.; Kito, G.: [Rotarod Method in Young Rats and the Antidepressive Effect: Is the Rotarod Method Capable of Evaluating Antidepressive Effects?]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi: 104(1): 39-49; 1994
70. Mitsumoto, Y.; Watanabe, A.; Mori, A.; Koga, N.: Spontaneous Regeneration of Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons in MPTP- Treated C57BL/6 Mice. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.: 248(3): 660-663; 1998
71. Ungerstedt, U.: Striatal Dopamine Release After Amphetamine or Nerve Degeneration Revealed by Rotational Behaviour. Acta Physiol Scand.Suppl: 367: 49-68; 1971
72. Sundstrom, E.; Stromberg, I.; Tsutsumi, T.; Olson, L.; Jonsson, G.: Studies on the Effect of 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6- Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on Central Catecholamine Neurons in C57BL/6 Mice. Comparison With Three Other Strains of Mice. Brain Res.: 405(1): 26-38; 1987
73. Piallat, B.; Benazzouz, A.; Benabid, A.L.: Subthalamic Nucleus Lesion in Rats Prevents Dopaminergic Nigral Neuron Degeneration After Striatal 6-OHDA Injection: Behavioural and Immunohistochemical Studies. Eur.J.Neurosci.: 8(7): 1408-1414; 1996
74. Hughes, A.J.; Daniel, S.E.; Ben Shlomo, Y.; Lees, A.J.: The Accuracy of Diagnosis of Parkinsonian Syndromes in a Specialist Movement Disorder Service. Brain: 125(Pt 4): 861-870; 2002
75. Rozas, G.; Lopez-Martin, E.; Guerra, M.J.; Labandeira-Garcia, J.L.: The Overall Rod Performance Test in the MPTP-Treated-Mouse Model of Parkinsonism. J.Neurosci.Methods: 83(2): 165-175; 1998
76. Jenner, P.; Olanow, C.W.: The Pathogenesis of Cell Death in Parkinson's Disease. Neurology: 66(10 Suppl 4): S24-S36; 2006
77. Paxinos, G.; Watson, C.: The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 1982
78. Schwarting, R.K.; Huston, J.P.: The Unilateral 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesion Model in Behavioral Brain Research. Analysis of Functional Deficits, Recovery and Treatments. Prog.Neurobiol.: 50(2-3): 275- 331; 1996
79. Jackson-Lewis, V.; Jakowec, M.; Burke, R.E.; Przedborski, S.: Time Course and Morphology of Dopaminergic Neuronal Death Caused by the Neurotoxin 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine. Neurodegeneration.: 4(3): 257-269; 1995
80. Riederer, P.; Sofic, E.; Rausch, W.D.; Schmidt, B.; Reynolds, G.P.; Jellinger, K.; Youdim, M.B.: Transition Metals, Ferritin, Glutathione, and Ascorbic Acid in Parkinsonian Brains. J.Neurochem.: 52(2):
81. Iancu, R.; Mohapel, P.; Brundin, P.; Paul, G.: Behavioral Characterization of a Unilateral 6-OHDA-Lesion Model of Parkinson's Disease in Mice. Behav.Brain Res.: 162(1): 1-10; 2005
82. Maker, H.S.; Weiss, C.; Silides, D.J.; Cohen, G.: Coupling of Dopamine Oxidation (Monoamine Oxidase Activity) to Glutathione Oxidation Via the Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide in Rat Brain Homogenates. J.Neurochem.: 36(2): 589-593; 1981
83. Schapira, A.H.; Cooper, J.M.; Dexter, D.; Clark, J.B.; Jenner, P.; Marsden, C.D.: Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency in Parkinson's Disease. J.Neurochem.: 54(3): 823-827; 1990
84. Parkinson, J.: An Essay on the Shaking Palsy. 1817.
85. Betarbet, R.; Sherer, T.B.; Greenamyre, J.T.: Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Bioessays: 24(4): 308-318; 2002
86. Hoglinger, G.U.; Rizk, P.; Muriel, M.P.; Duyckaerts, C.; Oertel, W.H.; Caille, I.; Hirsch, E.C.: Dopamine Depletion Impairs Precursor Cell Proliferation in Parkinson Disease. Nat.Neurosci.: 7(7): 726- 735; 2004
87. Berg, D.; Youdim, M.B.; Riederer, P.: Redox Imbalance. Cell Tissue Res.: 318(1): 201-213; 2004
88. Silva, R.M.; Ries, V.; Oo, T.F.; Yarygina, O.; Jackson-Lewis, V.; Ryu, E.J.; Lu, P.D.; Marciniak, S.J.; Ron, D.; Przedborski, S.; Kholodilov, N.; Greene, L.A.; Burke, R.E.: CHOP/GADD153 Is a Mediator of Apoptotic Death in Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons in an in Vivo Neurotoxin Model of Parkinsonism. J.Neurochem.: 95(4): 974-986; 2005
89. Hunot, S.; Brugg, B.; Ricard, D.; Michel, P.P.; Muriel, M.P.; Ruberg, M.; Faucheux, B.A.; Agid, Y.; Hirsch, E.C.: Nuclear Translocation of NF-KappaB Is Increased in Dopaminergic Neurons of Patients With Parkinson Disease. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A: 94(14): 7531-7536; 1997
90. Ungerstedt, U.: 6-Hydroxy-Dopamine Induced Degeneration of Central Monoamine Neurons. Eur.J.Pharmacol.: 5(1): 107-110; 1968
91. Sulzer, D.: Multiple Hit Hypotheses for Dopamine Neuron Loss in Parkinson's Disease. Trends Neurosci.: 30(5): 244-250; 2007
92. Hirsch, E.C.; Hunot, S.: Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: a Target for Neuroprotection? Lancet Neurol.: 8(4): 382-397; 2009
93. Langston, J.W.; Ballard, P.; Tetrud, J.W.; Irwin, I.: Chronic Parkinsonism in Humans Due to a Product of Meperidine-Analog Synthesis. Science: 219(4587): 979-980; 1983
94. Greenacre, S.A.; Ischiropoulos, H.: Tyrosine Nitration: Localisation, Quantification, Consequences for Protein Function and Signal Transduction. Free Radic.Res.: 34(6): 541-581; 2001

Das Dokument ist im Internet frei zugänglich - Hinweise zu den Nutzungsrechten