Dokument

Zusammenfassung:
Gängigerweise wird das Gedächtnis bei Säugetieren in zwei Kategorien unterteilt: das dekla-rative Gedächtnis, das semantische und episodische Inhalte enkodiert und für dessen Konsoli-dierung der Hippocampus eine zentrale Rolle spielt. Daneben das nichtdeklarative Gedächt-nis, das sich in weitere Unterkategorien mit unterschiedlichen neuronalen Korrelaten untertei-len lässt. Eine dieser Unterkategorien bildet das prozedurale Gedächtnis, das für den Erwerb motorischer und kognitiver Fertigkeiten [skills] eine entscheidende Rolle spielt und vor allem mit striatalen Prozessen assoziiert ist. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die neuronalen Grundlagen sequentiellen Lernens – einer Unterkategorie prozeduralen Lernens – im Rattenmodell zu untersuchen. In Humanex-perimenten wird sequentielles Lernen in der Regel über sogenannte serielle Reaktionszeitauf-gaben [serial reaction time task (SRTT)] operationalisiert. In der vorliegenden tierexperimen-tellen Arbeit kam daher eine Nagerversion des SRTT zur Anwendung. In den ersten zwei Experimenten der vorliegenden Arbeit (STUDIE I & II) über die Rol-le des Striatums im sequentiellen Lernen zeigte sich, dass dopaminerge Läsionen im dorsalen Striatum zu Defiziten im sequentiellen Lernen führen, wohingegen dopaminerge Läsionen im ventralen Striatum/Nucleus accumbens einen Einfluss auf instrumentelles Konditionieren haben, nicht jedoch auf sequentielles Lernen. Die Frage, welche Rolle der Hippocampus bei nichtdeklarativen Gedächtnisfunktionen spielt, ist aufgrund von widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen aus Tier- und Humanstudien strittig. Es gibt Befunde, die für eine Dissoziation beider Systeme, einer Interaktion oder aber auch einer Konkurrenz sprechen. In dem dritten Experiment der vorliegenden Arbeit (STUDIE III) zeigte sich in dem Ratten-SRTT bei dorsal-hippocampal lädierten Ratten eine deutliche Verbesserung im in-strumentellen wie auch beim sequentiellen Lernen, wobei nicht eindeutig unterschieden wer-den kann, ob die Läsionen einen direkten Einfluss auf sequentielles Lernen hatten oder nur indirekt über verbesserte Leistungen im instrumentellen Lernen. Zusammenfassend werden die Ergebnisse dieser drei Experimente dahingehend disku-tiert, dass eine Konkurrenz zwischen striatalen und hippocampalen Prozessen im instrumen-tellen und sequentiellen Lernen besteht. Eine mögliche Erklärung für diese Konkurrenz ist die gleichzeitige Projektion beider Strukturen in den frontalen Kortex. Da der Hippocampus bei Nagern insbesondere im räumlichen Lernen eine Rolle spielt, kann es bei Tests, in denen räumliche Informationen irrelevant sind, zu einer Interferenz zwischen Striatum und Hippo-campus kommen. Nach hippocampalen Läsionen muss der frontale Kortex, der als zentrale Exekutive arbeitet, keine Ressourcen auf die Verarbeitung räumlicher Informationen aufwen-den, wodurch in Tests mit minimalen räumlichen Anforderungen prozedurale striatale Lern-vorgänge effizienter ablaufen können.

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