https://doi.org/10.17192/z2017.0786 Charakterisierung teilkristalliner und gealterter Polymersysteme mittels Terahertz-Spektroskopie In den letzten Jahren stieg das Interesse an der zerstörungsfreien Materialanalytik mit Terahertz-Strahlung. In vielen Anwendungsszenarien bietet die Terahertz-Spektroskopie vielfältige Möglichkeiten Materialien zu charakterisieren und zu klassifizieren. In dieser Arbeit wurde das Potential der THz-Spektroskopie zur zerstörungsfreien Kunststoffanalytik untersucht. Hierzu sind verschiedene Thermoplasten spektroskopisch hinsichtlich ihrer dielektrischen Eigenschaften charakterisiert worden. Insbesondere die Absorptionsspektren der aromatischen Polyester PET und PBT werden ausführlich erläutert und der molekulare Ursprung der beiden charakteristischen Absorptionsbanden diskutiert. In der Kunststoff verarbeitenden Industrie stellt die Orientierung von Molekülen in Kunststoffbauteilen eine wichtige Fragestellung dar, steht diese doch in engem Zusammenhang mit den mechanischen Materialeigenschaften. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Molekülorientierung sowohl in extrudierten Folien als auch in spritzgegossenen Kunststoffbauteilen aus THz-Messungen gewonnen werden kann. Die Verknüpfung von optischen Größen im THz-Frequenzbereich mit dem Vorgang der isothermen Kristallisation wird ebenfalls dargestellt. Die gewonnenen spektroskopischen Daten konnten mit Hilfe der Avrami-Theorie modelliert werden, so dass hier ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen experimentell gewonnenen Daten im THz-Frequenzbereich und etablierter physikalisch-chemischer Theorie ermöglicht werden konnte. Der Kristallisationsgrad, eine der zentralen Größen der Makromolekularen Chemie, konnte direkt mit den optischen Parametern korreliert werden. So kann die zerstörungsfreie THz-Spektroskopie zur Bestimmung des Kristallisationsgrads der zerstörenden thermischen DSC-Analyse gegenüber gestellt werden. Die Untersuchungen der unterschiedlichen Kristallstrukturen von PBT zeigen das Potential der polarisationssensitiven, winkelaufgelösten THz-Spektroskopie hinsichtlich der Anwendbarkeit in der Kristallanalytik. Die untersuchten Kristallformen des PBTs, der Lamellenkristalle, der smektischen Mesophase und der Shish-Kebab-ähnlichen Kristallstruktur konnten alle durch THz-Spektroskopie charakterisiert werden. Die Kristallographie von Polymerkristallen in Verbindung mit den mechanischen Eigenschaften der Kunststoffe kann zunehmend an Interesse gewinnen, stellt die THz-Strahlung im Vergleich zur Röntgenbeugungsanalyse doch ein einfaches Verfahren dar. Abschließend werden erste Untersuchungen zur Detektion von Alterungseffekten mit der THz-Spektroskopie gezeigt. Hier ist es gelungen, die Alterungsvorgänge der Depolymerisation, der Oxidation, der Wasserimmersion und der UV-Bestrahlung an Thermoplasten aber auch an Duroplasten mit der Technik der THz-Spektroskopie zu untersuchen und die Alterung sowohl zu qualifizieren als auch zu quantifizieren. Die Anwendung der Hauptkomponentenanalyse zur Unterscheidung von THz-Spektren verschieden gealterter Duroplaste zeigt, dass dies ein zukünftiges Werkzeug zur Spektrenaufbereitung im THz-Frequenzbereich sein kann. Beispielhaft konnte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit verdeutlicht werden, dass Spektrenscharen hierdurch kategorisiert werden können, wodurch die Alterungseffekte klassifiziert werden können. Ein direkter praktischer Ansatz zur Etablierung der THz-Spektroskopie im industriellen Umfeld kann die Identifikation von freigesetztem Weichmacher in PVC sein. Wie in nachgewiesen werden konnte, korrelieren die optischen Parameter im THz-Frequenzbereich mit dem Weichmachergehalt. Die weiteren Analysen zeigen, dass sowohl die Identifikation der Ausdunstung von Weichmacher als auch die Unterscheidung von Weichmachertypen anhand der THz-Spektren möglich ist. Alle Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit bestätigen, dass die THz-Spektroskopie ein enormes Potential für die quantitative und qualitative Analyse von Polymeren besitzt. Fachbereich Physik Publikationsserver der Universitätsbibliothek Marburg Universitätsbibliothek Marburg Sommer, Stefan Sommer Stefan During the last decade spectroscopy with THz radiation has gained importance. In different fields of application THz spectroscopy offers a significant potential for material characterization. In this thesis, the ability of THz technologies for the characterization of aged und semi-crystalline polymeric materials is demonstrated. In order to fully evaluate the possibilities the technology offers to characterize different material properties, a variety of selected thermoplastics were investigated with THz spectroscopy. The spectra of the absorption coefficient and the refractive indices in the bandwidth of 0.2 up to 4.0 THz confirm the overall high transparency of the different polymers. Some distinct characteristic absorption features are highlighted out and the molecular origin is discussed. In greater detail the spectra of the aromatic polyesters PET and PBT are discussed. The spectroscopic measurement in the THz frequency range shows two different absorption lines for each polymer. Furthermore the dependency on crystallinity and the crystal structure is discussed: the first peak, observed at 2.5 THz, is believed to represent a phonon-like vibration of the phenyl groups as the absorption peak at 3.1 is believed to originate from a coupled torsional vibration of the carbonyl groups. Angle resolved polarization sensitive THz measurements of differently arranged crystal forms of PBT support this assumption. Additionally these measurements show the possibility to distinguish between different kinds of polymer crystals. In the same way as x-ray techniques, like WAXS and SAXS, also the THz measurement allows to extract crystallographic information to identify the crystal structure. To achieve a crystal form of polyester in most cases an isothermal process is induced. The so called isothermal crystallization was monitored with THz spectroscopy. In-situ and static measurements on well-defined samples were performed and the extracted optical parameters were compared with the degree of crystallinity, extracted from destructive thermal DSC-analysis. In this thesis a direct correlation between the optical parameters (e. g. absorption coefficient) and the kinetics of the isothermal crystallization has been established by using the theory of Avrami. The change in the absorption properties in the THz frequency range of PET during the crystallization has been used to emulate the kinetics. Particularly the degree of crystallization is an important parameter in industry, because the mechanical properties of the polymer are linked to the crystallinity. The THz-measurements of different PE-HD samples show the potential of a correlation between the degree of crystallization and the optical parameters. A linear correlation between both parameters could be determined. Another important parameter, which influences the mechanical properties, is the molecular orientation. Polarization sensitive measurements in transmission and reflection geometries show that the orientation of molecules can be calculated by using a simple mathematical model based on the refractive index. Finally the potential of THz spectroscopy towards the detection of aging effects of polymers was investigated. Different thermosets were thermo-oxidative aged at different temperatures and the optical parameters at THz frequencies were determined. Additional measurements with the FTIR spectroscopy or mechanical tests were carried out to characterize the samples with established methods. The change in the optical parameters of PVC-U, POM, PA 6.6 and PE-HD could directly be correlated with chemical effect of aging. An important aging effect is the evaporation of plasticizer in PVC-P. During thermal treatment the plasticizer, which can be hazardous for humans, evaporates and the material gets frangible. In the case of safety critical aspects it is relevant to detect the evaporation process and to determine the residue concentration of plasticizer. In this thesis a direct correlation between the plasticizer concentration of DINP or ELATUR with the optical parameters of the absorption coefficient and the refractive index could be determined. An additional principle component analysis applied to the spectral data showed the possibility to distinguish between both types of plasticizer. All studies performed in this thesis can show the potential of THz spectroscopy. For the development of industrial proofed and standardized methods the THz systems need further development within the next years. Especially the robustness and the fault liability have to be improved. Although the THz spectroscopy will never be the universal method for material characterization, the results of this thesis show that the THz spectroscopy can be a very useful additional non-destructive, contact-free tool for obtaining material parameters. THz-Spektroskopie Terahertz Polymere Alterung von Kunststoffen Kunststoffe Isotherme Kristallisation Absorptionsspektren PET PBT Physics Physik German 2017-12-20 doctoralThesis monograph ths Prof. Dr. Koch Martin Koch, Martin (Prof. Dr.) 2017-12-15 2017-12-20 opus:7955 A. Gebhardt, 3D-Drucken, 2. Auflage. Carl Hanser Verlag, 2016. M. Weidenbach, D. Jahn, A. Rehn, S. F. Busch, F. Beltrán-Mejía, J. C. Balzer, and M. Koch, "3D printed dielectric rectangular waveguides, splitters and couplers for 120 GHz," Opt. Express, vol. 24, no. 25, pp. 28968-28976, 2016. DIN EN ISO 527-2: Kunststoffe -Bestimmung der Zugeigenschaften -Teil 2: Prüfbedingungen für Form-und Extrusionsmassen. 2012. P. Y. Han, M. Tani, M. Usami, S. Kono, R. Kersting, and X. C. Zhang, "A direct comparison between terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and far-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 2357-2359, 2001. P. Y. Han, M. Tani, M. Usami, S. Kono, and R. Kersting, "A direct comparison between terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and far-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 2357, no. 2001, pp. 24-27, 2001. L. Li, C. Chan, J. Li, K. Ng, K. Yeung, and L. Weng, "A Direct Observation of the Formation of Nuclei and the Development of Lamellae in Polymer Spherulites," Macromolecules, vol. 32, no. 24, pp. 8240-8242, 1999. J. C. Maxwell, "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field," Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, vol. 155, pp. 459-512, 1865. N. Krumbholz, M. Schwerdtfeger, T. Hasek, B. Scherger, and M. Koch, "A fiberstretcher operating as an optical delay line in a fiber-coupled THz spectrometer," in 33rd International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves and the 16th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics, 2008. A. Winkel, S. Sommer, M. Kahlmeyer, J. C. Balzer, B. Fischer, M. Koch, S. Böhm: "Aging condition determination of bonded joints by THz spectroscopy", AB2017, 4th international Conference on Structural Adhesive Bonding, 6. -7. Juli 2017 in Porto, Portugal. S. Pongratz, "Alterung von Kunststoffen während der Verarbeitung und im Gebrauch," Universität Erlangen, Technische Fakultät, 2000. M. Ito and K. Nagai, "Analysis of degradation mechanism of plasticized PVC under artificial aging conditions," Polym. Degrad. Stab., vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 260-270, 2007. H. Naito, Y. Ogawa, H. Hoshina, S. Sultana, and N. Kondo, "Analysis of intermolecular interaction of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) solution with attenuated total reflectance terahertz spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 100, no. 19, p. 191102, 2012. W. Withayachumnankul, H. Lin, S. P. Mickan, B. M. Fischer, and D. Abbott, "Analysis of Measurement Uncertainty in THz-TDS," in Photonic Materials Devices and Applications II, 2007, vol. 6593, pp. 659326-1-659326-18. S. Wietzke, M. Reuter, N. Nestle, E. Klimov, U. Zadok, B. M. Fischer, and M. Koch, "Analyzing morphology and thermal history of polybutylene terephthalate by THz time-domain spectroscopy," J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 952-959, 2011. M. Scheller, C. Jansen, and M. Koch, "Analyzing sub-100-??m samples with transmission terahertz time domain spectroscopy," Opt. Commun., vol. 282, pp. 1304-1306, 2009. D. Zhao, J. Ren, X. Qao, and L. Li, "Application of Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy in nondestructive testing of adhesion quality," Appl. Opt. Photonics China, vol. 9674, p. 96741P-1-P7, 2015. P. F. Taday, "Applications of terahertz spectroscopy to pharmaceutical sciences," Philos. Trans. A. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., vol. 362, pp. 351-363, 2004. T. Kleine-Ostmann and T. Nagatsuma, "A Review on Terahertz Communications Research," J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, vol. 32, pp. 143-171, 2011. C. J. Heffelfinger, "A Survey of Film Processing illustrated with Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)," Polym. Eng. Sci., vol. 18, no. 15, 1978. J. B. Jackson, J. Bowen, G. Walker, J. Labaune, G. Mourou, and M. Menu, "A Survey of Terahertz Application in Cultural Heritage Conservation Science," IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-12, 2011. W. C. Röntgen, "Über eine neue Art von Strahlung," Ann. der Phys. und Chemie, vol. 64, pp. 1-11, 1898. M. Schubnell, "Bestimmung der Kristallinität bei Polymeren aus DSC-Messungen," UserCom, no. 1, pp. 12-13, 2001. A. D. Burnett, W. Fan, P. C. Upadhya, J. E. Cunningham, M. D. Hargreaves, T. Munshi, H. G. M. Edwards, E. H. Linfield, and a G. Davies, "Broadband terahertz time- domain spectroscopy of drugs-of-abuse and the use of principal component analysis.," Analyst, vol. 134, pp. 1658-1668, 2009. B. M. Fischer, "Broadband THz time-Domain Spectroscopy of Biomolecules," Albert-Ludwig-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau, 2005. H. Němec, A. Pashkin, P. Kužel, M. Khazan, S. Schnüll, and I. Wilke, "Carrier dynamics in low-temperature grown GaAs studied by terahertz emission spectroscopy," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 1303-1306, 2001. G. Lachenal, "Characterization of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Using Near and Far FTIR Spectroscopy," Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 145-158, 1997. H. Li, H. Ye, and Y. Yang, "Characterizing polymorphism and crystal transformation of polylactide by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy," Polym. Test., vol. 57, pp. 52-57, 2017. T. Raidt, R. Hoeher, F. Katzenberg, and J. C. Tiller, "Chemical cross-linking of polypropylenes towards new shape memory polymers," Macromol. Rapid Commun., vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 744-749, 2015. B. Fischer, M. Hoffmann, H. Helm, G. Modjesch, and P. U. Jepsen, "Chemical recognition in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and imaging," Semicond. Sci. Technol., vol. 20, no. 7, pp. S246-S253, 2005. A. Roggenbuck, H. Schmitz, A. Deninger, I. C. Cámara Mayorga, J. Hemberger, R. Güsten, and M. Grüninger, "Coherent broadband continuous-wave terahertz spectroscopy on solid-state samples," New J. Phys., vol. 12, 2010. N. Karpowicz, H. Zhong, J. Xu, K.-I. Lin, J.-S. Hwang, and X. X.-C. Zhang, "Comparison between pulsed terahertz time-domain imaging and continuous wave terahertz imaging," Semicond. Sci. Technol., vol. 20, no. 7, pp. S293-S299, 2005. G. Inzelt, Conducting Polymers, 1. Auflage. Springer, 2008. T. T. Nagy, B. Turcsányi, T. Kelen, and F. Tüdós, "Cross-Linking and Gel Formation in the Thermal Degradation of PVC," React. Kinet. Catal. Lett., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 309- 315, 1976. N. W. Hayes, N. W. Hayes, G. Beamson, G. Beamson, D. T. Clark, D. T. Clark, D. S.-L. Law, D. S.-L. Law, R. Raval, and R. Raval, "Crystallisation of PET from the amorphous state: Observation of different rates for surface and bulk using XPS and FTIR," Surf. Interface Anal., vol. 24, no. April, pp. 723-728, 1996. M. Rabello and J. White, "Crystallization and melting behaviour of photodegraded polypropylene -II. Re-crystallization of degraded molecules," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 38, no. 26, pp. 6389-6399, 1997. P.-D. Hong, W.-T. Chung, and C.-F. Hsu, "Crystallization kinetics and morphology of poly (trimethylene terephthalate)," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 43, pp. 3335-3343, 2002. S. a. Jabarin, "Crystallization kinetics of polyethylene terephthalate. I. Isothermal crystallization from the melt," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 85-96, 1987. S. A. Jabarin, "Crystallization Kinetics of PolyethyleneTerephthalat. II. Dynamic Cryzstallization of PET," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 34, pp. 97-102, 1987. V. E. Reinsch and L. Rebenfeld, "Crystallization of Poly ( ethy1ene terephthalate )/ Polycarbonate Blends. I . Unreinforced Systems," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 59, pp. 1913-1927, 1996. M. Tasumi and S. Krimm, "Crystal Vibrations of Polyethylene," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 755-766, 1967. S. Sommer, T. Probst, E. Kraus, B. Baudrit, G. E. Town, M. Koch: "Cure Monitoring of Two- Component Epoxy Adhesives by Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy", in Polymer Science Series B, Vol. 58, No. 6, pp. 769-776, 2016. Beiträge zu Konferenzen S. Sommer, T. Probst, E. Kraus, B. Baudrit, G. E. Town, and M. Koch, "Cure Monitoring of Two-Component Epoxy Adhesives by Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy 1," Polym. Sci. Ser. B, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 769-776, 2016. A. Soltani, T. Probst, S. Sommer, M. Koch: "Curing monitoring of two-component epoxy adhesives at THz frequencies", IRMMW-THz, 23.-28. August 2015 in Hong Kong, China. M. Tonouchi, "Cutting-edge terahertz technology," Nat. Photonics, vol. 1, pp. 97- 105, 2007. M. Scheller, "Data extraction from terahertz time domain spectroscopy measurements," Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, vol. 35, no. 8. pp. 638-648, 2014. F. Yang, H. Li, L. Cai, F. Lan, and M. Xiang, "Degradation and Stabilization of Co- POM," Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng., vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 530-534, 2009. D. Braun, "Der lange Weg zum Makromolekül: Polymerforschung vor Hermann Staudinger," Chemie Unserer Zeit, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 310-320, 2012. Y. C. Shen, T. Lo, P. F. Taday, B. E. Cole, W. R. Tribe, and M. C. Kemp, "Detection and identification of explosives using terahertz pulsed spectroscopic imaging," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 86, pp. 241116-1-241116-3, 2005. S. Wietzke, C. Jansen, F. Rutz, D. M. Mittleman, and M. Koch, "Determination of additive content in polymeric compounds with terahertz time-domain spectroscopy," Polym. Test., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 614-618, 2007. D. Banerjee, W. von Spiegel, M. D. Thomson, S. Schabel, and H. G. Roskos, "Diagnosing water content in paper by terahertz radiation," Opt. Express, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 9060-9066, 2008. G. Tammann, "Die isotherme Kristallisation oder Umwandlung gegebener Massen in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit," Zeitschrift für Anorg. und Allg. Chemie, vol. 214, no. 4, pp. 407-413, 1933. H. Domininghaus, Die Kunststoffe und ihre Eigenschaften, 6. Auflage. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2005. A. J. Bur, "Dielectric properties of polymers at microwave frequencies: a review," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 963-977, 1985. S. K. Garg, J. E. Bertie, H. Klip, and C. P. Smyth, "Dielectric Relaxation, Far-Infrared Absorption, and Intermolecular Forces in Nonpolar Liquids," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 49, no. 6, p. 2551, 1968. A. Hoffknecht, D. Holtmannspötter, and A. Zweck, Die Terahertz-Technologie und ihre möglichen Anwendungen, 1. Auflage. Zukünftige Technologien Consulting der VDI Technologiezentrum GmbH, 2006. R. Benavides, B. M. Castillo, A. O. Castañeda, G. M. López, and G. Arias, "Different thermo-oxidative degradation routes in poly(vinyl chloride)," Polym. Degrad. Stab., vol. 73, pp. 417-423, 2001. Deutsche-Norm, DIN EN ISO 11357-1 Kunststoffe -Dynamische Differenz- Thermoanalyse (DSC) -Teil 1: Allgemeine Grundlagen. 2017. Deutsche-Norm, DIN EN ISO 11357-2 Kunststoffe -Dynamische Differenz- Thermoanalyse (DSC) -Teil 2: Bestimmung der Glasübergangstemperatur und der Glasübergangsstufenhöhe. 2014. A. M. Adbul-Munaim, M. Reuter, M. Koch, and D. G. Watson, "Distinguishing Gasoline Engine Oils of Different Viscosities Using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy," J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, 2015. A. T. Lorenzo, M. L. Arnal, J. Albuerne, and A. J. Müller, "DSC isothermal polymer crystallization kinetics measurements and the use of the Avrami equation to fit the data: Guidelines to avoid common problems," Polym. Test., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 222-231, 2007. A. Frick and C. Stern, DSC-Prüfung in der Anwendung, 1. Auflage. Carl Hanser Verlag, 2006. P. Jepsen and B. Fischer, "Dynamic range in terahertz time-domain transmission and reflection spectroscopy," Opt. Lett., vol. 30, no. 1, p. 29, 2005. M. Reuter, "Eigenschaften thermotroper Flüssigkristalle im Terahertz- Frequenzbereich," Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2015. N. Vieweg, "Eigenschaften und Anwendungen von Flüssigkristallen im Terahertz- Frequenzbereich," Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, 2011. C. Kittel, R. Borchardt, and S. Turowski, Einführung in die Festkörperphysik, 14. Auflag. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2006. Einige der wichtigsten Fragen in diesem Zusammenhang sind: Kann die vollständige Polymerisation mithilfe der THz-Spektroskopie beobachtet werden? S. Sommer, M. Koch: "Einsatz der Terahertztechnologie zur Qualitätskontrolle in der Süßwarenindustrie", Tagung des AK Qualitätsmanagement des BDSI, 11. November 2013 in Bonn, Deutschland. C. Jördens, "Einsatz und Optimierung von Terahertz-Systemen in der zerstörungsfreien Messtechnik," Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, 2009. A. Soltani, T. Probst, S. F. Busch, M. Schwerdtfeger, E. Castro-Camus, and M. Koch, "Error from delay drift in terahertz attenuated total reflection spectroscopy," J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 468-477, 2014. M. A. Scheller, "Erzeugung und Nachweis von Terahertz-Strahlung unter Verwendung von Multimode-Lasersystemen," Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2011. W. Herschel, "Experiments on the Refrangibility of the invisible Rays of the Sun," Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, vol. 90, no. 1800, pp. 284-292, 1800. S. R. Jain and S. Walker, "Far-Infrared Absorption of Some Organic Liquids," J. Phys. Chem., vol. 75, no. 19, pp. 2942-2947, 1971. Hallensleben, "Far infra-red absorption spectra of undeuterated and deuterated poly(ethylene terephthalate)," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 22, pp. 615-618, 1981. G. W. Chantry, J. W. Fleming, P. M. Smith, M. Cudby, and H. a Willis, "Far infrared and millimeter-wave absorption spectra of some low-loss polymers," Chem. Phys. Lett., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 473-477, 1971. V. A. Bershtein and V. A. Ryzhov, "Far Infrared Spectroscopy of Polymers," Adv. Polym. Sci., vol. 114, pp. 42-121, 1994. B. M. Fischer, M. Walther, and P. Uhd Jepsen, "Far-infrared vibrational modes of DNA components studied by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.," Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 47, no. 21, pp. 3807-3814, 2002. N. Krumbholz, "Fasergekoppelte Terahertz-Zeitbereichspektrometer: Entwicklung und Anwendung," Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, 2010. N. Vieweg, N. Krumbholz, T. Hasek, R. Wilk, V. Bartels, C. Keseberg, V. Pethukov, M. Mikulics, L. Wetenkamp, and M. Koch, "Fiber-coupled THz spectroscopy for monitoring polymeric compounding processes," Proc. SPIE, vol. 6616, p. 66163M1-66163M8, 2007. R. H. Somani, L. Yang, L. Zhu, and B. S. Hsiao, "Flow-induced shish-kebab precursor structures in entangled polymer melts," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 46, no. 20, pp. 8587-8623, 2005. T. Butz, Fouriertransformation für Fußgänger, 6. Auflage. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 2008. G. Segschneider, F. Jacob, T. Löffler, H. Roskos, S. Tautz, P. Kiesel, and G. Döhler, "Free-carrier dynamics in low-temperature-grown GaAs at high excitation densities investigated by time-domain terahertz spectroscopy," Physical Review B, vol. 65, no. 12. pp. 1-6, 2002. A. E. Costley, K. H. Hursey, G. F. Neill, and J. M. Ward, "Free-standing fine-wire grids: Their manufacture, performance, and use at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths," J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 979-981, 1977. P. A. R. Ade, A. E. Costley, C. T. Cunningham, C. L. Mok, G. F. Neill, and T. J. Parker, "Free-standing grids wound from 5 μm diameter wire for spectroscopy at far- infrared wavelengths," Infrared Phys., vol. 19, pp. 599-601, 1979. D. Turnbull Cohen, Morrel H., "Free-Volume Model of the Amorphous Phase: Glass Transition," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 120-125, 1961. M. Janning, "Gefährlicher Weichmacher," kma - Das Gesundheitswirtschaftsmagazin, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 74-76, 2005. S. Verghese, K. A. McIntosh, S. Calawa, W. F. Dinatale, E. K. Duerr, and K. A. Molvar, "Generation and detection of coherent terahertz waves using two photomixers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 73, no. 26, pp. 3824-3826, 1998. P. U. Jepsen, R. H. Jacobsen, and S. R. Keiding, "Generation and detection of terahertz pulses from biased semiconductor antennas," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 2424-2436, 1996. M. Goldstein, "Glass Temperature Mixing Relations and Thermodynamics," Macromolecules, vol. 18, pp. 277-280, 1985. J. L. G. Ribelles, R. Diaz-Calleja, R. Ferguson, and J. M. Cowie, G., "Glass transition and physical ageing in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 28, pp. 2262-2266, 1987. W. Nolting, Grundkurs Theoretische Physik 3 -Elektrodynamik, 10. Auflag. Berlin, Heidelberg, 2005. Hieran gliedern sich viele Fragen hinsichtlich der Umsetzbarkeit der THz-Spektroskopie. H. Hoshina, Y. Morisawa, H. Sato, A. Kamiya, I. Noda, Y. Ozaki, and C. Otani, "Higher order conformation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) studied by terahertz time- domain spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 96, no. 10, pp. 94-97, 2010. I. Pupeza, R. Wilk, and M. Koch, "Highly accurate optical material parameter determination with THz time-domain spectroscopy," Opt. Express, vol. 15, no. 7, p. 4335, 2007. J. C. Wiltse, "History of Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. MTT-32, no. 9, pp. 1118-1127, 1984. D. Mileva, R. Androsch, E. Zhuravlev, C. Schick, and B. Wunderlich, "Homogeneous nucleation and mesophase formation in glassy isotactic polypropylene," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 277-282, 2012. M. Gordon and J. S. Taylor, "Ideal Copolymers and the Second-Order Transitions of Synthetic Rubbers. I. Non-Crystalline Copolymers," J. Appl. Chem., vol. 2, pp. 493- 500, 1952. B. B. Hu and M. C. Nuss, "Imaging with terahertz waves," Opt. Lett., vol. 20, no. 16, pp. 1716-1718, 1995. H. Namkung, J. Kim, H. Chung, and M. A. Arnold, "Impact of pellet thickness on quantitative terahertz spectroscopy of solid samples in a polyethylene matrix," Anal. Chem., vol. 85, pp. 3674-3681, 2013. N. Vieweg, M. Mikulics, M. Scheller, K. Ezdi, R. Wilk, H. W. Hübers, and M. Koch, "Impact of the contact metallization on the performance of photoconductive THz antennas," Opt. Express, vol. 16, no. 24, pp. 19695-19705, 2008. S. Wietzke, C. Jansen, C. Jördens, N. Krumbholz, N. Vieweg, M. Scheller, M. K. Shakfa, D. Romeike, T. Hochrein, M. Mikulics, and M. Koch, "Industrial applications of THz systems," Proc. SPIE, vol. 785, p. 738506-(1-13), 2009. J. Hauck, D. Stich, P. Heidemeyer, M. Bastian, and T. Hochrein, "Industrielle Prozesswanddickenmessung in der Kunststoffrohrextrusion mittels zeitaufgelöster Terahertz-Systeme," in DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2013, 2013. R. J. B. Dietz, B. Globisch, H. Roehle, D. Stanze, T. Göbel, and M. Schell, "Influence and adjustment of carrier lifetimes in InGaAs/InAlAs photoconductive pulsed terahertz detectors : 6 THz bandwidth and 90dB dynamic range," Opt. Lett., vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 615-623, 2014. W. Dong and P. Gijsman, "Influence of temperature on the thermo-oxidative degradation of polyamide 6 films," Polym. Degrad. Stab., vol. 95, pp. 1054-1062, 2010. A. E. Martin, Infrared Instrumentation And Techniques, 1. Auflage. Elsevier Publishing Company Amsterdam, 1966. S. Krimm, "Infrared spectra of high polymers," Fortschritte der Hochpolym., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 51-172, 1960. T. T. Nagy, T. Kelen, B. Turcsányi, and F. Tüdös, "Initiated Oxidation of Polyenes Formed in the Thermal Degradation of PVC," J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., vol. 15, pp. 853-864, 1977. S. F. Busch, T. Probst, L. Duschek, R. Wilk, M. Voitsch, F. Fender, P. Wallace, and M. Koch, "Inline Monitoring of Paper Thickness in an Industrial Setting," in Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), 2013 38th International Conference on, 2013. H. A. Gebbie and G. A. Vanasse, "Interferometric Spectroscopy in the Far Infra-red," Nature, vol. 178, 1956. B. Breitenstein, M. Scheller, M. K. Shakfa, T. Kinder, T. Müller-wirts, M. Koch, and D. Selmar, "Introducing terahertz technology into plant biology: A novel method to monitor changes in leaf water status," J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual., vol. 84, pp. 158-161, 2011. S. Sommer, T. Raidt, A. Engel, J. C. Balzer, B. M. Fischer, F. Katzenberg, J. C. Tiller, M. Koch: "Investigating the Crystallinity of Poly(butylene)terephthalate (PBT) -Correlation between THz-TDS Measurements and X-ray Scattering Data ", IRMMW-THz 2017, 27. August -01. September 2017 in Cacun, Mexiko. M. Inuzuka, Y. Kouzuma, N. Sugioka, K. Fukunaga, and T. Tateishi, "Investigation of Layer Structure of the Takamatsuzuka Mural Paintings by Terahertz Imaging Technique," J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, vol. 38, pp. 380-389, 2017. C. Jördens, S. Wietzke, M. Scheller, and M. Koch, "Investigation of the water absorption in polyamide and wood plastic composite by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy," Polym. Test., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 209-215, 2010. B. Globisch, R. J. B. Dietz, R. B. Kohlhaas, T. Göbel, M. Schell, D. Alcer, M. Semtsiv, and W. T. Masselink, "Iron doped InGaAs: Competitive THz emitters and detectors fabricated from the same photoconductor," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 121, no. 5, p. 53102, 2017. S. Liu, Y. Yu, Y. Cui, H. Zhang, and Z. Mo, "Isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of nylon-11," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 70, pp. 2371-2380, 1998. X. . Lu and J. . Hay, "Isothermal crystallization kinetics and melting behaviour of poly(ethylene terephthalate)," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 42, no. 23, pp. 9423-9431, 2001. H. Hoshina, S. Ishii, Y. Morisawa, H. Sato, I. Noda, Y. Ozaki, and C. Otani, "Isothermal crystallization of poly(3-hydroxybutylate) studied by terahertz two- dimensional correlation spectroscopy," IRMMW-THz 2011 -36th Int. Conf. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, vol. 11907, no. May 2015, pp. 10-13, 2011. E. Ranzi, M. Dente, T. Faravelli, G. Bozzano, S. Fabini, R. Nava, V. Cozzani, and L. Tognotti, "Kinetic modeling of polyethylene and polypropylene thermal degradation," J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, vol. 40-41, pp. 305-319, 1997. T. Ozawa, "Kinetics of non-isothermal crystallization," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 150-158, 1971. M. Avrami, "Kinetics of Phase Change. I General Theory," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 7, no. 12, p. 1103, 1939. M. Avrami, "Kinetics of Phase Change. III Granulation, Phase Change, and Microstructure," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 9, pp. 177-184, 1941. M. Avrami, "Kinetics of Phase Change. II Transformation -Time Relations for Random Distribution of Nuclei Distribution of nanoscale nuclei in the amorphous dome of a phase change random access memory Kinetics of Phase Change . II Transformation-Time Relations for R," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 8, pp. 212-224, 1940. Y. Long, R. A. Shanks, and Z. H. Stachurski, "Kinetics of polymer crystallisation," Prog. Polym. Sci., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 651-701, 1995. J. D. Jackson, Klassische Elektrodynamik, 5. Auflage. De Gruyter, 2014. D. Stanze, "Komponenten und Systeme zur Dauerstrich -THz -Spektroskopie auf Basis optischer Telekommunikationstechnologien," Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2014. F. Rybnikár, "Kristallisation von Polyvinylchlorid," Die Makromol. Chemie, vol. 140, pp. 91-107, 1971. H. Domininghaus, Kunststoffe, 7. Auflage. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2008. S. Wietzke, F. Rutz, and M. Koch, "Kunststoffe -Der Terahertz-Blick," Kunststoffe, vol. 5, pp. 52-56, 2007. G. Abts, Kunststoff-Wissen für Einsteiger, 3. Auflage. Carl Hanser Verlag, 2014. D. C. Bassett, F. C. Frank, and A. Keller, "Lamellae and their Organization in Melt- Crystallized Polymers [ and Discussion ]," Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 348, pp. 29-43, 1994. M. Mittendorff, M. Xu, R. J. B. Dietz, H. Künzel, B. Sartorius, H. Schneider, M. Helm, and S. Winnerl, "Large area photoconductive terahertz emitter for 1.55 μm excitation based on an InGaAs heterostructure.," Nanotechnology, vol. 24, no. 21, p. 214007, 2013. M. I. Bank and S. Krimm, "Lattice-frequency studies of crystalline and fold structure in polyethylene," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 4951-4958, 1968. J. Heintze and P. Bock, Lehrbuch zur Experimentalphysik Band 3: Elektrizität und Magnetismus, 1. Auflage. Springer Spektrum, 2016. J. F. Rabolt, "Low frequency vibrations in polyvinylidene fluoride (form II)," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 59, no. 7, p. 3710, 1973. H. Suzuki, S. Ishii, C. Otani, and H. Hoshina, "Low-frequency vibrations of polyamide-6 as a function of temperature and thermal history investigated by terahertz absorption spectroscopy," Eur. Polym. J., vol. 67, pp. 284-291, 2015. B. Tieke, M. D. Lechner, K. Gehrke, and E. H. Nordmeier, Makromolekulare Chemie, 5. Auflage. Springer Spektrum, 2014. T. Hochrein, "Markets, Availability, Notice, and Technical Performance of Terahertz Systems: Historic Development, Present, and Trends," J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 235-254, 2015. B. Ferguson and X.-C. Zhang, "Materials for terahertz science and technology," Nat. Mater., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 26-33, 2002. W. Withayachumnankul, B. M. Fischer, and D. Abbott, "Material thickness optimization for transmission-mode terahertz time-domain spectroscopy," Opt. Express, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 7382-7396, 2008. S. Nashima, O. Morikawa, K. Takata, and M. Hangyo, "Measurement of optical properties of highly doped silicon by terahertz time domain reflection spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 79, no. 24, pp. 3923-3925, 2001. W. C. Geddes, "Mechanism of PVC Degradation," Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 40, no. 1. pp. 177-216, 1967. I. I. Levantovskaya, B. M. Kovarskaya, G. V Dralyuk, and M. B. Neiman, "Mechanism of thermal oxidative degradation of polyamides," Polym. Sci. U.S.S.R., vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 2089-2095, 1964. W. Retting, "Mehrachsige Orientierungszustände und mechanische Eigenschaften hochpolymerer Werkstoffe," Colloid Polym. Sciene, vol. 259, pp. 52-72, 1981. G. Menges, E. Haberstroh, W. Michaeli, and E. Schmachtenberg, Menges Werkstoffkunde Kunststoffe, 6. Auflage. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH + Co. KG, 2011. R. Androsch, M. Laura, D. Lorenzo, C. Schick, and B. Wunderlich, "Mesophases in polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly(1-butene)," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 51, no. 21, pp. 4639-4662, 2010. J. P. Poley, "Microwave dispersion of some polar liquids," Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 337-387, 1955. A. P. Tüzüm Demir and S. Ulutan, "Migration of Phthalate and Non-Phthalate Plasticizers Out of Plasticized PVC Films into Air," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 128, pp. 1948-1961, 2013. L. Spieß, G. Teichert, R. Schwarzer, H. Behnken, and C. Genzel, Moderne Röntgenbeugung, 2. Auflage. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 2009. F. Ehrig, "MOLDING: POLYMER INJECTION," Wiley Encycl. Compos., vol. 2, 2012. S. Kimata, T. Sakurai, Y. Nozue, T. Kasahara, N. Yamaguchi, T. Karino, M. Shibayama, and J. Kornfield, "Molecular Basis of Shish-Kebab Morphology in Polymer Crystallization," Science (80-. )., vol. 316, pp. 1014-1017, 2007. Z. Tadmor, "Molecular orientation in injection molding," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1753-1772, 1974. M. Kobayashi, K. Tashiro, and H. Tadokoro, "Molecular Vibrations of Three Crystal Forms of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)," Macromolecules, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 158-171, 1975. H. Haken and H. C. Wolf, Molekülphysik und Quantenchemie, 5. Auflage. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. R. Gente and M. Koch, "Monitoring leaf water content with THz and sub-THz waves," Plant Methods, vol. 11, p. 15, 2015. N. Born, D. Behringer, S. Liepelt, S. Beyer, M. Schwerdtfeger, B. Ziegenhagen, and M. Koch, "Monitoring Plant Drought Stress Response Using Terahertz Time- Domain Spectroscopy," Plant Physiol., vol. 164, pp. 1571-1577, 2014. S. Sommer, T. Probst, J. C. Balzer, M. Koch: "Monitoring the curing process of adhesives with terahertz TDS and QTDS", German THz Conference 2015, 8.-10. Juni 2015 in Dresden, Deutschland. T. Prost, S. Sommer, A. Soltani, E. Kraus, B. Baudrit, G. E. Town, M. Koch: "Monitoring the polymerization of two-component epoxy adhesives using a Terahertz Time Domain reflection system", in Journal of Infared Milli Terahertz Waves, 36:569-577, 2015. T. Probst, S. Sommer, A. Soltani, E. Kraus, B. Baudrit, G. E. Town, and M. Koch, "Monitoring the Polymerization of Two-Component Epoxy Adhesives Using a Terahertz Time Domain Reflection System," J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 569-577, 2015. S. De Goede, R. Brüll, H. Pasch, and N. Marshall, "Monitoring thermo-oxidative degradation of polypropylene by CRYSTAF and SEC-FTIR," Macromol. Symp., vol. 193, pp. 35-43, 2003. B. M. Fischer, S. Wietzke, M. Reuter, N. Nestle, E. Klimov, and M. Koch, "Morphological analyses of polybutylene terephthalate by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy," in IRMMW-THz 2011 -36th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 2011. W. Kessler, Multivariate Datenanalyse für die Pharma-, Bio-und Prozessanalytik, 1. Auflage. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH + Co. KGaA, 2007. J. H. Gibbs and E. A. DiMarzio, "Nature of the Glass Transition and the Glassy State," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 373-383, 1958. A. J. Fitzgerald, B. E. Cole, and P. F. Taday, "Nondestructive Analysis of Tablet Coating Thicknesses Using Terahertz Pulsed Imaging," J. Pharm., vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 177-183, 2005. A. Adams, R. Kwamen, B. Woldt, and M. Graß, "Nondestructive Quantification of Local Plasticizer Concentration in PVC by 1H NMR Relaxometry," Macromol. Rapid Commun., vol. 36, no. 24, pp. 2171-2175, 2015. R. Bernstein, D. K. Derzon, and K. T. Gillen, "Nylon 6.6 accelerated aging studies: Thermal-oxidative degradation and its interaction with hydrolysis," Polym. Degrad. Stab., vol. 88, pp. 480-488, 2005. W. C. Röntgen, "On a New Kind of Rays," Sci. New Ser., vol. 3, no. 59, pp. 227-231, 1896. T. T. Nagy, B. Turcsányi, T. Kelen, and F. Tüdòs, "On the most significant processes of thermooxidative PVC degradation," React. Kinet. Catal. Lett., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 7- 11, 1978. G. W. Chantry, E. A. Nicol, R. G. Jones, H. A. Willis, and M. E. A. Cudby, "On the vibrational assignment problem for polytetrafluoroethylene: 1. The far infra-red spectrum," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 18, pp. 37-41, 1977. S. F. Busch, M. Weidenbach, M. Fey, F. Schäfer, T. Probst, and M. Koch, "Optical Properties of 3D Printable Plastics in the THz Regime and their Application for 3D Printed THz Optics," J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 993-997, 2014. L. Tian, Q. Zhou, B. Jin, K. Zhao, S. Zhao, Y. Shi, and C. Zhang, "Optical property and spectroscopy studies on the selected lubricating oil in the terahertz range," Sci. China, Ser. G Physics, Mech. Astron., vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 1938-1943, 2009. E. Hecht, Optik, 2. Auflage. ADDISON-WESLEY Publishing Company, 1989. V. Hoffmann, W. Frank, and W. Zeil, "Optische Konstanten von Polymeren im Submillimeterbereich," Kolloid-Zeitschrift Zeitschrift für Polym., vol. 241, pp. 1044- 1050, 1970. A. Ajji, J. Guèvremont, K. C. Cole, and M. M. Dumoulin, "Orientation and structure of drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate)," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 37, no. 16, pp. 3707- 3714, 1996. T. T. Nagy, T. Kelen, B. Turcsányi, and F. Tüdös, "Oxidation of Thermally Degraded PVC," React. Kinet. Catal. Lett., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 303-307, 1976. G. Ahlblad, D. Forsström, B. Stenberg, B. Terselius, T. Reitberger, and L.-G. Svensson, "Oxidation profiles of polyamide 6, 6 studied by imaging chemiluminescence and FTIR," Polym. Degrad. Stab., vol. 55, pp. 287-293, 1997. V. Hoffmann, B. Heise, and W. Frank, "Phononenanregung im Submillimetergebiet in amorphem und teilkristallinem Polyäthylenterephthalat," Kolloid-Zeitschrift und Zeitschrift für Polym., vol. 247, pp. 795-800, 1971. B. Globisch, "Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters and Detectors for the Operation with 1550 nm Pulsed Fiber Lasers," Philips-Universität Marburg, 2017. R. Dietz, "Photoconductive THz emitters and detectors on the basis of InGaAs / InP for terahertz time domain spectroscopy," Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2015. J. M. Hutchinson, "Physical aging of polymers," Prog. Polym. Sci., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 703-760, 1995. G. Strobl, Physik kondensierter Materie, 1. Auflage. Springer, 2002. C. S. Nie, F. Kremer, a. Poglitsch, G. Bechtold, and L. Genzel, "Picosecond relaxations in hydrated polyamide-6 observed by millimeter-wave spectroscopy," J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1247-1254, 1985. PlasticsEurope -Association of Plastics Manufactures, "Plastics -the Facts 2016," Plastics - the Facts 2016, 2016. [Online]. H. Hoshina, Y. Morisawa, H. Sato, H. Minamide, I. Noda, Y. Ozaki, and C. Otani, "Polarization and temperature dependent spectra of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s measured at terahertz frequencies," Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 13, no. 20, p. 9173, 2011. P. Eyerer, T. Hirth, and P. Elsner, Polymer Engineering -Technologien und Praxis, 1. Auflage. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. C. Rauwendaal, Polymer Extrusion, 4. Auflage. Hanser Fachbuch, 2001. C. Wrana, Polymerphysik: Eine physikalische Beschreibung von Elastomeren und ihren anwendungsrelevanten Eigenschaften, 1. Auflage. Springer Spektrum, 2014. D. Braun, H. Cherdron, M. Rehahn, H. Ritter, and B. Voit, Polymer synthesis: theory and practice, 4. Auflage. Springer, 2005. K. Krekeler and G. Wick, Polyvinylchlorid -Herstellung, Eigenschaften, Verarbeitung und Anwendung -Teil 1, 1. Auflage. Hanser Verlag, 1963. K. Krekeler and G. Wick, Polyvinylchlorid -Herstellung, Eigenschaften, Verarbeitung und Anwendung -Teil 2, 1. Auflage. Hanser Verlag, 1963. K.-M. Schellerer, T. Kufner, O. Medien, and E. Vogel, "Polyvinylchlorid ( PVC )," Kunststoffe, vol. 10, pp. 48-52, 2016. J. Ertl, T. Brock, O. Mieden, W. Prößdorf, and E. Vogel, "Polyvinylchlorid ( PVC )," Kunststoffe, vol. 10, pp. 40-46, 2013. G. W. Ehrenstein, G. Riedel, and P. Trawiel, Praxis der thermischen Analyse von Kunststoffen, 2. Auflage. Carl Hanser Verlag, 2003. M. N. Afsar, "Precision Dielectric Measurements of Nonpolar Polymers in the Millimeter Wavelength Range," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 1410-1415, 1985. H. Song and T. Nagatsuma, "Present and Future of Terahertz Communications," IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 256-263, 2011. J. Hauck, S. Kremling, D. Stich, P. Heidemeyer, M. Bastian, and T. Hochrein, "Prüfung von Kunststoffbauteilen mittels Terahertz-Technologie: Der Weg von der Transmissions-zur Reflexionsanordnung," in DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2014, 2014. Y.-S. Lee, Principles of Terahertz Science and Technology, 1. Auflage. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2008. Y. Vordermann, F. Ehrig, and J. Kunz, "Probekörperdicke beeinflusst mechanische Eigenschaften," Kunststoffe, vol. 9, pp. 170-174, 2013. R. Piesiewicz, C. Jansen, S. Wietzke, D. Mittleman, M. Koch, and T. Kürner, "Properties of building and plastic materials in the THz range," Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 363-371, 2007. V. M. Archodoulaki, S. Lüftl, T. Koch, and S. Seidler, "Property changes in polyoxymethylene (POM) resulting from processing, ageing and recycling," Polym. Degrad. Stab., vol. 92, pp. 2181-2189, 2007. R. T. Hall and J. M. Dowling, "Pure Rotational Spectrum of Water Vapor Pure Rotational Spectrum of Water Vapor," vol. 2454, 1967. C. Jördens, F. Rutz, and M. Koch, "Quality Assurance of Chocolate Products with Terahertz Imaging," in European Conference of Nondestructive Testing, 2006. S. Busch, "Quasioptische Terahertz-Bauelemente," Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2016. K. Wiesauer and C. Jördens, "Recent advances in birefringence studies at THz frequencies," J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 663-681, 2013. R. Hoeher, T. Raidt, M. Rose, F. Katzenberg, and J. C. Tiller, "Recoverable strain storage capacity of shape memory polyethylene," J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys., vol. 51, no. 13, pp. 1033-1040, 2013. V. A. Bershtein and V. A. Ryzhov, "Relationship between molecular characteristics of polymers and parameters of far-infrared spectra," J. Macromol. Sci. Part B Phys., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 271-287, 1984. J. Federici and L. Moeller, "Review of terahertz and subterahertz wireless communications," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 107, pp. 111101-1-111101-22, 2010. N. M. Burford and M. O. El-Shenawee, "Review of terahertz photoconductive antenna technology," Opt. Eng., vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 10901-1-10901-20, 2017. O.-A. Neumüller, Römpps Chemie-Lexikon Teil 5 Pl-S, 8. Auflage. Frank'sche Verlagshandlung, 1987. T. Kelen, "Secondary Processes of Thermal Degradation of PVC," J. Macromol. Sci. Part A -Chem., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 349-360, 1978. M. C. Kemp, P. F. Taday, B. E. Cole, J. A. Cluff, A. J. Fitzgerald, and W. R. Tribe, "Security applications of THz technology," Proc. SPIE Terahertz Mil. Secur. Appl., vol. 5070, pp. 44-52, 2003. D. Mittleman, Sensing with terahertz radiation, 1. Auflage. Springer, 2003. R. Mody, E. A. Lofgren, and S. A. Jabarin, "Shrinkage Behavior of Oriented Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)," J. Plast. Film Sheeting, vol. 17, pp. 152-163, 2001. J. Guo and K. A. Narh, "Simplified Model of Stress-Induced Crystallization Kinetics of Polymers," Adv. Polym. Technol., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 214-222, 2002. E. Bornschlegl and R. Bonart, "Small angle X-ray scattering studies of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate)," Colloid Polym. Sci., vol. 258, no. 3, pp. 319-331, 1980. R. H. Baughman, "Solid-state Synthesis of Large Polymer Single Crystals," J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed., vol. 12, pp. 1511-1535, 1974. S. Russ, "Some problems in the Biological Action of Radiations," J. Röntgen Soc., vol. 16, no. 65, pp. 134-141, 1920. P. D. Coleman, "State of the Art: Background and Recent Developments-Waves," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. MTT-11, pp. 271-288, 1963. A. Misra and R. S. Stein, "Stress-Induced Crystallization of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)," J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed., vol. 17, pp. 235-257, 1979. C. R. Desper, "Structure and properties of extruded polyethylene film," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 13, pp. 169-191, 1969. C. J. Heffelfinger and P. G. Schmidt, "Structure and Properties of Oriented Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Films," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 9, pp. 2661-2680, 1965. M. Yokouchi, Y. Sakakibara, Y. Chatani, H. Tadokoro, T. Tanaka, and K. Yoda, "Structures of Two Crystalline Forms of Poly(butylene terephthalate) and Reversible Transition between Them by Mechanical Deformation," Macromolecules, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 266-273, 1976. Y. Shu, L. Ye, and T. Yan, "Study on the Long-Term Thermal-Oxidative Aging Behavior of Polyamide 6," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 110, pp. 945-957, 2008. Y. Duan, H. Li, L. Ye, and X. Liu, "Study on the thermal degradation of polyoxymethylene by thermogravimetry-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR)," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 3085-3092, 2006. T. G. Phillips and J. Keene, "Submillimeter Astronomy," Proc. IEEE, vol. 80, no. 11, 1992. M. Latour and R. L. Moreira, "Submillimeter Infrared Absorption and Chain Conformations of Poly(vinylidenefluoride) and Copolymers. I. Crystalline and Amorphous Contributions," J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys., vol. 25, pp. 1913- 1921, 1987. M. Latour and R. L. Moreira, "Submillimeter Infrared Absorption and Chain Conformations of Poly(vinylidenefluoride) and Copolymers. II. Phase Transition Analysis," J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys., vol. 25, pp. 1913-1921, 1987. H. Greif and A. Limper, Technologie der Extrusion, 1. Auflage. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH + Co. KG, 2004. J. R. Birch and K. F. A. N. Ping, "Temperature Dependence of the Fir Optical Constants of Low Density Polyethylene," Infrared Phys. Technol., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 673-677, 1995. J. P. Laib and D. M. Mittleman, "Temperature-dependent terahertz spectroscopy of liquid n-alkanes," J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, vol. 31, pp. 1015-1021, 2010. K. Fukunaga, I. Hosako, Y. Kohdzuma, T. Koezuka, M. J. Kim, T. Ikari, and X. Du, "Terahertz analysis of an East Asian historical mural painting," J. Eur. Opt. Soc., vol. 5, 2010. C. Jördens, M. Scheller, M. Wichmann, M. Mikulics, K. Wiesauer, and M. Koch, "Terahertz birefringence for orientation analysis.," Appl. Opt., vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 2037-2044, 2009. F. Rutz, T. Hasek, M. Koch, H. Richter, and U. Ewert, "Terahertz birefringence of liquid crystal polymers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 89, no. 22, pp. 2-5, 2006. M. Scheller, C. Jördens, and M. Koch, "Terahertz form birefringence.," Opt. Express, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 10137-10142, 2010. S. Wietzke, C. Jördens, N. Krumbholz, B. Baudrit, M. Bastian, and M. Koch, "Terahertz imaging: a new non-destructive technique for the quality control of weld joints," J. Eur. Opt. Soc. Publ., vol. 2, pp. 2-6, 2007. C. Hwayeong, H. Yang, S. Lee, Y. Kim, and J. Son, "Terahertz molecular resonance of cancer DNA," Nat. Publ. Gr., no. August, pp. 1-10, 2016. K. Sakai, Terahertz Optoelectronics, 1. Auflage. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. M. Wichmann, A. S. Mondol, N. Kocic, S. Lippert, T. Probst, M. Schwerdtfeger, S. Schumann, T. Hochrein, P. Heidemeyer, M. Bastian, G. Bastian, and M. Koch, "Terahertz plastic compound lenses.," Appl. Opt., vol. 52, pp. 4186-91, 2013. T. Hattori, H. Kumon, and H. Tamazumi, "Terahertz spectroscopic characterization of paper," in IRMMW-THz 2010 -35th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 2010. Y. Hu, P. Huang, L. Guo, X. Wang, and C. Zhang, "Terahertz spectroscopic investigations of explosives," Phys. Lett. Sect. A Gen. At. Solid State Phys., vol. 359, pp. 728-732, 2006. P. U. Jepsen, D. G. Cooke, and M. Koch, "Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging - Modern techniques and applications," Laser Photon. Rev., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 124-166, 2011. O. Peters, M. Schwerdtfeger, S. Wietzke, S. Sostmann, R. Scheunemann, R. Wilk, R. Holzwarth, M. Koch, and B. M. Fischer, "Terahertz spectroscopy for rubber production testing," Polym. Test., vol. 32, pp. 932-936, Aug. 2013. H. Hoshina, S. Ishii, S. Yamamoto, Y. Morisawa, H. Sato, T. Uchiyama, Y. Ozaki, and C. Otani, "Terahertz Spectroscopy in Polymer Research: Assignment of Intermolecular Vibrational Modes and Structural Characterization of Poly(3- Hydroxybutyrate)," IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 248-258, 2013. A. G. Davies, A. D. Burnett, W. Fan, E. H. Linfield, and J. E. Cunningham, "Terahertz spectroscopy of explosives and drugs," Mater. Today, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 18-26, 2008. C. Jansen, S. Wietzke, H. Wang, M. Koch, and G. Zhao, "Terahertz spectroscopy on adhesive bonds," Polym. Test., vol. 30, pp. 150-154, 2011. S. Wietzke, C. Jansen, M. Reuter, T. Jung, D. Kraft, S. Chatterjee, B. M. Fischer, and M. Koch, "Terahertz spectroscopy on polymers: A review of morphological studies," J. Mol. Struct., vol. 1006, no. 1-3, pp. 41-51, 2011. C. Jördens, M. Scheller, S. Wietzke, D. Romeike, C. Jansen, T. Zentgraf, K. Wiesauer, V. Reisecker, and M. Koch, "Terahertz spectroscopy to study the orientation of glass fibres in reinforced plastics," Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 472- 477, 2010. P. H. Siegel, "Terahertz Technology," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 910-928, 2002. N. Vieweg, F. Rettich, A. Deninger, H. Roehle, R. Dietz, T. Göbel, and M. Schell, "Terahertz-time domain spectrometer with 90 dB peak dynamic range," J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 823-832, 2014. S. Wietzke, C. Jansen, T. Jung, M. Reuter, B. Baudrit, M. Bastian, S. Chatterjee, and M. Koch, "Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy as a tool to monitor the glass transition in polymers," Opt. Express, vol. 17, no. 21, pp. 19006-19014, 2009. M. Naftaly and R. E. Miles, "Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for material characterization," Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, no. 8, pp. 1658-1665, 2007. K. Yamamoto, K. Tominaga, H. Sasakawa, A. Tamura, H. Murakami, H. Ohtake, and N. Sarukura, "Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of amino acids and polypeptides.," Biophys. J. Biophys. Lett., vol. 89, no. 3, pp. L22-L24, 2005. M. Exter, C. Fattinger, and D. Grischkowsky, "Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of water vapor.," Opt. Lett., vol. 14, no. 20, pp. 1128-1130, 1989. M. Naftaly, A. P. Foulds, R. E. Miles, and A. G. Davies, "Terahertz transmission spectroscopy of nonpolar materials and relationship with composition and properties," Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 55-64, 2005. J. P. Laib, D. V. Nickel, and D. M. Mittleman, "Terahertz vibrational modes induced by heterogeneous nucleation in n-alkanes," Chem. Phys. Lett., vol. 493, no. 4-6, pp. 279-282, 2010. R. Yano, H. Gotoh, Y. Hirayama, S. Miyashita, Y. Kadoya, and T. Hattori, "Terahertz wave detection performance of photoconductive antennas: Role of antenna structure and gate pulse intensity," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 97, no. 10, 2005. S. Wietzke, "Terahertz-Zeitbereichspektroskopie: zerstörungsfreies Messverfahren zur Polymeranalytik und Kunststoffbauteilprüfung," Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, 2011. W. Frank and D. Knaupp, "The Absorption Spectra of Poly(ethyleneterephthalat) in the Far Infrared Region -A Model of Interpretation," Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Phys. Chemie, vol. 79, no. 11, pp. 1041-1044, 1975. P. R. Couchman, "The Composition-Dependent Glass Transition: Relations Between Temperature, Pressure, and Composition," Polym. Eng. Sci., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 135-143, 1984. S. C. Abrahams, R. L. Collin, and W. N. Lipscomb, "The Crystal Structure of Hydrogen Peroxide," Acta Crystallogr., vol. 4, pp. 15-20, 1951. R. D. P. Daubeny and C. W. Bunn, "The Crystal Structure of Polyethylene Terephthalate," Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., vol. 226, no. 1167, pp. 531- 542, 1954. A. I. Abou-Kandil and A. H. Windle, "The development of microstructure in oriented polyethylene terephthalate (PET) during annealing," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 48, no. 17, pp. 5069-5079, 2007. G. W. Chantry, J. W. Fleming, E. A. Nicol, H. A. Willis, M. E. A. Cudby, and F. J. Boerio, "The far infra-red spectrum of crystalline polytetrafluoroethylene," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 69-73, 1974. M. Goldstein, D. Stephenson, and W. F. Maddams, "The far infra-red spectrum of poly(vinyl chloride)," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 24, pp. 823-826, 1983. P. R. Couchman, "The Glass Transition of Compatible Blends," Polym. Eng. Sci., vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 618-621, 1987. T. Kovacic and Z. Mrklic, "The kinetic parameters for the evaporation of plasticizers from plasticized poly ( vinyl chloride )," Thermochim. Acta, vol. 381, pp. 49-60, 2002. R. M. R. Wellen and M. S. Rabello, "The kinetics of isothermal cold crystallization and tensile properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)," J. Mater. Sci., vol. 40, no. 23, pp. 6099-6104, 2005. S. S. Katti and M. Schultz, "The microstructure of injection-molded semicrystalline polymers: A review," Polym. Eng. Sci., vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 1001-1017, 1982. P. M. Pakhomov, M. Shabygin, V. A. Tsaplin, S. A. Baranova, and Z. P. Vysotskaya, "The Molecular Mechanism of Shrinkage of Polyethylene Terephthalate," Polym. Sci. U.S.S.R., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 672-679, 1983. M. J. E. Golay, "Theoretical consideration in heat and infra-red detection, with particular reference to the pneumatic detector," Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 347-356, 1947. B. Wunderlich, "Theory of Cold Crystallization of High Polymers," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 29, no. 1958, p. 1395, 1958. G. Strobl, The Physics of Polymers, 1. Auflage. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. G. J. Evans, J. K. Moscicki, and M. W. Evans, "The Poley absorption in liquid crystals," J. Mol. Liq., vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 149-160, 1986. R. A. Huijts and S. M. Peterst, "The relation between molecular orientation and birefringence in PET and PEN fibres," Polymers (Basel)., vol. 35, no. 14, pp. 3119- 3121, 1994. A. A. Michelson, "The relative motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous ether," Am. J. Sci., vol. 128, pp. 120-129, 1891. L. Audouin, B. Dalle, G. Metzger, and J. Verdu, "Thermal aging of plasticized PVC. II. Effect of plasticizer loss on electrical and mechanical properties," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 2097-2103, 1992. L. Audouin, B. Dalle, G. Metzger, and J. Verdu, "Thermal aging of plasticized PVC. I. Weight loss kinetics in the PVC-Didecylphtalate System," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 2091-2096, 1992. B. Wunderlich, Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials, 1. Auflage. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2005. M. A. Schaffer, K. B. McAuley, E. K. Marchildon, and M. F. Cunningham, "Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Nylon 66: Experimental Study and Comparison with Model Predictions," Macromol. React. Eng., vol. 1, pp. 563-577, 2007. J. M. Cox, B. A. Wright, and W. W. Wright, "Thermal degradation of fluorine- containing polymers. Part I. Degradation in vacuum," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 2935-2950, 1964. J. M. Cox, B. A. Wright, and W. W. Wright, "Thermal degradation of fluorine- containing polymers. Part II. Degradation in oxygen," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 2951-2961, 1964. J. Yu, L. Sun, C. Ma, Y. Qiao, and H. Yao, "Thermal degradation of PVC: A review," Waste Manag., vol. 48, pp. 300-314, 2016. S. Wietzke, C. Jansen, M. Reuter, T. Jung, J. Hehl, D. Kraft, S. Chatterjee, A. Greiner, and M. Koch, "Thermomorphological study of the terahertz lattice modes in polyvinylidene fluoride and high-density polyethylene," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 97, no. 2010, pp. 9-12, 2010. S. Sommer, J. C. Balzer, B. M. Fischer, M. Koch: "Thermo-oxidative Degradation of Poly(vinyl)chloride investigated with THz-spectroscopy", Mittelhessischer Materialforschungstag 2017, 28. Juni 2017 in Gießen, Deutschland. D. Forsström and B. Terselius, "Thermo oxidative stability of polyamide 6 films I. Mechanical and chemical characterisation," Polym. Degrad. Stab., vol. 67, pp. 69- 78, 2000. M. R. Kantz, H. D. Newman, and F. H. Stigale, "The skin-core morphology and structure-property relationships in injection-molded polypropylene," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 16, pp. 1249-1260, 1972. W. H. Moore and S. Krimm, "The Vibrational Spectrum of Crystalline Syndiotactic Poly(vinyl)chloride," vol. 306, pp. 491-506, 1974. J. F. Federici, B. Schulkin, F. Huang, D. Gary, R. Barat, F. Oliveira, and D. Zimdars, "THz imaging and sensing for security applications -explosives, weapons and drugs," Semicond. Sci. Technol., vol. 20, pp. S266-S280, 2005. S. F. Busch, M. Weidenbach, J. C. Balzer, and M. Koch, "THz Optics 3D Printed with TOPAS," J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, vol. 53, pp. 1-5, 2015. S. Sommer, T. Raidt, B. M. Fischer, F. Katzenberg, J. C. Tiller, and M. Koch, "THz- Spectroscopy on High Density Polyethylene with Different Crystallinity," J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 189-197, 2016. M. Peach, "THz systems sales to grow at 16 % through 2020," 2016. [Online]. J. E. Pedersen and S. R. Keiding, "Thz Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Nonpolar Liquids," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 2518-2522, 1992. B. S.-Y. Ung, B. M. Fischer, B. W.-H. Ng, and D. Abbott, "Towards quality control of food using terahertz," vol. 6799, p. 67991E-67991E-4, 2007. World-Health Organization, "Toxicological and Health Aspects of Bisphenol A," in Report of Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting (02-05. Nov.), 2010. G. E. Welsh, D. J. Blundell, and A. H. Windle, "Transient mesophase on drawing polymers based on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthoate (PEN)," J. Mater. Sci., vol. 35, no. 20, pp. 5225-5240, 2000. R. Hoeher, T. Raidt, C. Krumm, M. Meuris, F. Katzenberg, and J. C. Tiller, "Tunable multiple-shape memory polyethylene blends," Macromol. Chem. Phys., vol. 214, no. 23, pp. 2725-2732, 2013. N. Vieweg, B. M. Fischer, M. Reuter, P. Kula, R. Dabrowski, M. A. Celik, G. Frenking, M. Koch, and P. U. Jepsen, "Ultrabroadband terahertz spectroscopy of a liquid crystal," Opt. Express, vol. 20, no. 27, pp. 28249-56, 2012. L. Costa, M. P. Luda, and L. Trossarelli, "Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene - II. Thermal-and photo-oxidation," Polym. Degrad. Stab., vol. 58, pp. 41-54, 1997. S. Sommer, "Untersuchung von 2K-Epoxydharzklebstoffsystemen mittels THz- Spektroskopie," Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2013. C. J. Strachan, P. F. Taday, D. A. Newnham, K. C. Gordon, J. A. Zeitler, M. Pepper, and T. Rades, "Using terahertz pulsed spectroscopy to quantify pharmaceutical polymorphism and crystallinity," J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 837-846, 2005. C. J. Strachan, T. Rades, D. a. Newnham, K. C. Gordon, M. Pepper, and P. F. Taday, "Using terahertz pulsed spectroscopy to study crystallinity of pharmaceutical materials," Chem. Phys. Lett., vol. 390, no. 1-3, pp. 20-24, 2004. J. H. Booske, R. J. Dobbs, C. D. Joye, C. L. Kory, G. R. Neil, G. S. Park, J. Park, and R. J. Temkin, "Vacuum electronic high power terahertz sources," IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 54-75, 2011. A. Limper, Verfahrenstechnik der Thermoplastextrusion, 1. Auflage. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH + Co. KG, 2012. A. Körber, "Verfahrenstechnische Analyse und Optimierung des molekularen Orientierungswinkels von biaxial verstreckten Poly(ethylenterephthalat) - Folienbahnen," Technische Universität München, 2013. M. J. Hannon, "Vibrational Analysis of Polytetrafluoroethylene," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 50, no. 7, p. 2829, 1969. Sommer, S. Wietzke, M. Koch: "Was Terahertzwellen enthüllen", in Lebensmittelindustrie und Milchwirtschaft -Deutsche Molkereizeitung, 135. Jahrgang, November 2014. U. Göschel, K. Deutscher, and V. Abetz, "Wide-angle X-ray scattering studies using an area detector: Crystallite orientation in semicrystalline PET structures," Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 1996. J. Vázquez-Cabo, P. Chamorro-Posada, F. J. Fraile-Peláez, Ó. Rubiños-López, J. M. López-Santos, and P. Martín-Ramos, "Windowing of THz time-domain spectroscopy signals: A study based on lactose," Opt. Commun., vol. 366, pp. 386- 396, 2015. A. Quarteroni and F. Saleri, Wissenschaftliches Rechnen mit MATLAB, 1. Auflage. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2005. K. Baaske, "Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von faserverstärkten Kunststoffen mit der Dauerstrich THz-Spektroskopie," Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, 2011. T. Hochrein, G. Schober, E. Kraus, P. Heidemeyer, and M. Bastian, "Zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren (ZfP) -Ich sehe was, was du nicht siehst," Kunststoffe, vol. 11, pp. 70-74, 2013. S. Kästner, "Zur Theorie der Volumenrelaxation der amorphen Polymeren," Kolloid-Zeitschrift und Zeitschrift für Polym., vol. 206, no. 2, pp. 143-147, 1965. OriginLab, "Getting Started." [Online]. Available: http://www.originlab.de. [Accessed: 25-Apr-2017]. Umwelt Bundesamt, "Umwelt Probenbank des Bundes." [Online]. Available: https://www.umweltprobenbank.de/de/documents/profiles/analytes/11055 07.07.2017. [Accessed: 07-Jul-2017]. 175 application/pdf Philipps-Universität Marburg Characterization of semi-crystalline and aged polymers with terahertz spectroscopy urn:nbn:de:hebis:04-z2017-07860 Physik https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2017/0786/cover.png 2017