THE FRENCH AND GERMAN VERSUS AMERICAN DEBATE OVER 'NEW RELIGIONS' , SCIENTOLOGY, AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Authors

  • Stephan A. Kent University of Alberta, Canada

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17192/mjr.2001.6.3742

Abstract

This article critically examines the allegations of religious intolerance that United States officials and governmental staff have leveled against France and Germany (along with other European countries) for their policies on, and actions toward, Scientology and other controversial groups. It argues that American officials appear to be poorly informed about the bases for the Europeans' critical positions, and that those officials have been the recipients of selective information provided by Scientology itself along with Scientology's supporters. It concludes by offering a preliminary analysis of this Euro-American debate in the context of 'international social movements' theory within the social sciences.

References

AFP [Agence France Presse]. 1998. "Enquete Commission Solicits Understanding for the Perspective Towards Scientology-Bonn Delegation Struggles Against Prejudice in the USA."
Downloaded from: <alt.religion.scientology> on March 3, 1998; Unofficial Translation by Joe Cisar.
------. 1999a. "Controversial Church of Scientology Under Gun in Belgium." (October 1);
Downloaded from: <http://asia.yahoo.com/headlines/011099/world/938784600-
91001133058.newsworld.html > on October 1, 1999: 1p.
----. 1999b. "Les scientologues auraient infiltrè l'Elysè e dans le passè, selon M. Vivien."
(September 14); Downloaded from: <alt.religion.scientology> on September 15, 1999): 1p.
------. 2000. "French Assembly Approves Controversial Anti-Sect Bill." (June 22); Downloaded
from: <alt.religion.scientology> on June 22, 2000: 2pp.
Alger, Chadwick F. 1997. "Transnational Social Movements, World Politics, and Global Governance." In Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics. Edited by Jackie Smith,
Charles Chatfield, and Ron Pagnucco. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press: 260-275.
Allard, Philippe. 1999. "Comment Combattre les Sectes?" Downloaded from:
<http://.geocities.com:0080/CapitolHill/3455/combat.html > on September 16, 2000.
Anderson, Sue. 1980. "Honorary LRH PROs Around the World." LRH Personal PRO International (July 28): 1pp. + 7pp.
A.R. (F). 1997. AFF.: Ministere Public..., "Appel d'un jugement du Tribunal de Grande Instance de
Lyon (13eme Chambre) du 22 novembre 1996 par les prevenus Jean Jacques Mazier...." 4eme Chambre (Juillet 28).
Armstrong, Gerald. 1993. "Appellant's Opening Brief." Filed in The Court of Appeal for the State of California, Second Appellate District, Division Four. "Church of Scientology International vs.
Gerald Armstrong." Los Angeles Superior Court No. BC 052395. (January 19): 49pp.; Bates Numbers 3566-3615.
------. 1997. "Request for Extension to File Appellant's Brief." Submitted in California Court of
Appeal, First Appellate District, Division Four. "Church of Scientology International v. Gerald
Armstrong." Appeal No. A075027, Marin County Superior Court No. 157680: 144pp.
Assemblée Nationale. 2000. "Proposition de Loi tendant à renforcer la prévention et la répression á l'encontre des groupements á caractére sectaire." (Mai 30); Downloaded from:
<http://www.cesnur.org/testi/brainw_fr2K.htm> on September 30, 2000: 8pp. Associated Press. 1999. "Religion Briefs." (September 9); Downloaded from:
<http://www.aol.com/mynews/news/story.adp/cat=010741&id=1999090912029458> on September 14, 1999: 4pp.
Asser, Seth M., and Rita Swan. 1998. "Child Fatalities From Religion-motivated Medical Neglect."
Pediatrics 101 No. 4 (April): 635-629.
Barker, Eileen. 1984. The Making of a Moonie: Brainwashing or Choice? Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Barnet, Richard J.; and John Cavanagh. 1994. Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New
World Order. Toronto: Simon and Schuster/Touchstone.
Barthélemy, Denis. 1999. "Intervention Française lors de la conférence sur les droits de 'lhomme,
mars 1999, Vienne, par le Secrétaire général de la Mission interministérielle de lutte contra les
sectes (Service du Premier ministre). (March): 8pp. (French, English, and Commentary);
Downloaded from: <http://home.worldnet.fr/~gonnet/osce-hysteria.htm> on September 24: 2000.
Bell, Catherine. 2000. "The Treatment of Religious Minorities in Western Europe." Testimony
Before the House Committee on International Relations (June 14): 7pp.
Beneas, Mary. 1995. "Press Reports." Ethnos (October 18-20); Downloaded from: <
http://aurora.eexi.gr/~antbos/RAIDED.HTM > on November 13, 2000: 5pp.
Betsworth, Roger G. 1980. The Radical Movement of the 1960's. ATLA Monograph Series, No. 14.
Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., and The American Theological Library
Association.
Billerbeck, Jens. 2000. "The Sworn Affirmation." Unofficial Translation by Joe Cisar. (June 22);
Downloaded from: <alt.religion.scientology> on July 13, 2000: 2pp.
Blum, Andrew. 1993. "Church's Litany of Lawsuits." National Law Journal 15 No. 41 (June 14): 1,
36-38.
Boucher, Norman. 1987. "Millions for God." Boston Globe Magazine (June 26): 13ff.
Bouilhet, Alexendrina; and Christophe Doré. 1999. "La France Brimes les Sectes." Le Figaro (June 11).
Boyle, Kevin; and Juliet Sheen (Editors). 1997. Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report. London: Routledge.
Breckenridge, Paul G. 1984a. "Memorandum of Intended Decision." Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Los Angeles. "Church of Scientology of California vs. Gerald
Armstrong, Mary Sue Hubbard, Intervenor." No. c 420153. (June 22); Filed in The Superior Court of the State of California, Marin, County Courts, "Church of Scientology, International vs. Gerald
Armstrong." No. 157680. Filed November 16, 1994; Bates Numbers 2350-2361.
------. 1984b. "Appendix to Memorandum of Intended Decision." Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Los Angeles. "Church of Scientology of California vs. Gerald
Armstrong, Mary Sue Hubbard, Intervenor." No. c 420153. (June 22); Filed in The Superior Court of the State of California, Marin, County Courts, "Church of Scientology, International vs.
Gerald Armstrong." No. 157680. Filed November 16, 1994; Bates Numbers 2362-2376.
Bromley, David G,; and Anson D. Shupe, Jr. 1979. 'Moonies' in America: Cult, Church, and Crusade. London: Sage.
Brown, Tim and David Millward. 1998. "Children Saved From Cult's Mass Suicide." The Daily Telegraph [London] (January 9): 3.
Brownstein, Ronald. 1990. The Power and the Glitter: The Hollywood-Washington Connection. New York: Pantheon Books.
Buchele, Klaus. 1994. "Call-To-Arms Germany." Issued by the German Task Force I/C [In Charge], Office of Special Affairs International. (May 4): 3pp.
Burgess, John. 2000 "U.S. Challenges Germany on Scientology." Washington Post (May 4): A19;
Downloaded from: < http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A1045-2000May3.html> on
September 18, 2000: 3pp.
Business Review Commission of the National Assembly, 1999. "'Sects' or Assimilative Movements
in Switzerland." Report (July 1); Downloaded Unofficial Translation by Joe Cisar on the World
Wide Web through: < http://www.cisar.org/ > then "News," then "Sorted by Date" to <
http://cisar.org/990702a.htm >, (with links to the original governmental version in German and an unofficial webbed version in French).
Canterathe, Kevin. 2000. "Hatch Calls for Renewed Protection of Religious Freedom Worldwide."
Salt Lake Tribune (October 9); Downloaded from: < alt.religion.scientology > on October 9, 2000:
2pp.
Carnes, Tony. 2000. "Ambassador Seiple to Resign His Post." Christianity Today 44 No. 9 (August 7):20; Downloaded from: < http://www.christianityonline.com/ct/2000/009/9.20.html > on
September 25, 2000.
Center for Responsive Politics. 1998. "Lobbyist Spending: Clergy & Religious Organizations." Downloaded from: < http://www.opensecrets.org/lobbyists/98catorders/W05.htm > on September 18, 2000: 1p.
------. 1999. "Representative Benjamin A. Gilman." (April 1); Downloaded from:
<http://www.opensecrets.org/>, then search in "Find a Politician" for "Gilman, Benjamin A." on April 19, 2000: 28pp.
CESNUR. 1999. "The Italian Supreme Court Decision on Scientology (October 8, 1997) [Plus Links]." (December 14): 3pp.; Downloaded from: < http://www.cesnur.org/testi/SCIE.HTM > on
September 30, 2000.
------. 1999? "France Severely Criticized at Vienna OSCE Meeting[.] Hysterical Reaction by the
Secretary of the French Anti-Cult Mission." Downloaded from: <
http://www.cesnur.org/testi/Vienna2.htm >.
------. 2000a. "European Parliament Draft Resolution on Cults." Downloaded from: <
http://www.cesnur.org/testi/Europe.htm > on September 17, 2000.
------. 2000b. "France, Belgium Severely Criticized Again at U.S. Congressional Hearing." (January
20); Downloaded from: < http://www.cesnur.org/testi/CSCE.htm > on September 23, 2000: 3pp.
----. 2000c . "New Religiosity in the 21st Century: CESNUR's 14th International Conference, Riga,
Latvia, August 29-31, 2000." Downloaded from: <
http://www.cesnur.org/conferences/Riga_prg.htm > on September 26, 2000.
------. 2000d. "The 2001 International Conference-The Spiritual Supermarket: Religious Pluralism
in the 21st Century." Downloaded from: <http://www.cesnur.org/conferences/cesnur20001.htm > on
October 1, 2000: 2pp.
Chrobog, Jürgen. 1997. "Letter to The Honourable Benjamin Gilman, Chairman, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, Washington, DC." (October 29): 2pp.
------. 2000. " Written Statement of the Ambassador of Germany, Jürgen Chrobog, for Inclusion in the Official Record of the Hearing of the House of Representatives International Relations
Committee on Treatment of Religious Minorities in Western Europe,' June 14, 2000." (June 14): 2pp.
Chronicle of Philanthropy. 1993. "IRS Ruling on Scientology Church May show Willingness to Cooperate." (November 2).
Church of Scientology. 1985. "Videotapes of Federal Informant Reveal Bizarre Government Plot to
Destroy Church." (April/May): 12pp.
Church of Scientology International. 1993. "The War Is Over!" International Scientology News
Issue 32.
------. 1994. "Honorary PROs in Action." Hotline [The Newsletter of L. Ron Hubbard's Personal
Public Relations Office International] 6 Issue 3: 6.
Cienski, Jan. 1999. "U.S. Bill Would Chide Germany for Refusal to Recognize Scientology."
National Post [Canada]. (October 22): A15.
Cimino, Richard P. 1990a. "New Issues Ahead for Religion in Eastern Europe." Religion Watch
(March): 1-2.
------. 1990b. "Catholic-Protestant Tensions Emerging in Eastern Europe." Religion Watch (May): 6-7.
------. 1991. "Update on New Religious Movements." Religion Watch (September): 6-7.
Claridge, Thomas. 1992a. "Church Guilty in Spy Case." Globe and Mail [Canada]. (June 27).
------. 1992b. "Church of Scientology Fined $250,000 for Breach of Trust." Globe and Mail
[Canada]. (September 12): A7B.
Clarkson, Frederick. 1997. Eternal Hostility: The Struggle Between Theocracy and Democracy.
Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press.
Clinton, Bill. 1996. "Ce que nous pouvons faire au sject des drougues." Éthique & Liberté No. 8 (Décembre): 17.
Cloud, John. 1999. "Law on Bended Knee." Time (September 13): 32-33.
Colomer, Josep M. (Editor). 1996. Political Institutions in Europe. London: Routledge.
La Commission d'Enquête. 1995. Les Sectes en France. Paris: Assemblée Nationale.
------. 1999. Les Sectes et L'Argent. Paris: Assemblée Nationale.
Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. 1993. "Human Rights and Democratization in
Unified Germany." Washington, D.C.: Staff of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in
Europe (September). 28pp.
------. 1999. "Religious Freedom in Western Europe: Religious Minorities and Growing Government Intolerance." Hearing. (June 8): 129pp.
Committee on Civil Liberties and Internal Affairs. 1997. "Report on Cults in the European Union."
Mrs. Maria Berger, Rapporteur. PE223.630/* A4-0408/97 (December 11); Downloaded through:
<http://www.europarl.eu.int/plenary/default_en.htm#reports>, Search "REPORTS by PE-...number"
on November 13, 2000: 15pp.
Cossu, Mathieu. 1998. "Procés e la Scientologie à Lyon." Downloaded from:
<http://www,multimania.com/tussier/lyon.htm> on March 4, 1998: 14pp.
Council of Europe. 1999. "Recommendation 1412-Illegal Activities of Sects." Legal Affairs and
Human Rights Committee. 3pp; Downloaded from: < http://stars.coe.fr/doc/doc/edoc8383.htm > on
September 3, 1999.
Court of Appeal for Ontario. 1997. "Her Majesty the Queen (Respondent) and Church of Scientology of Toronto and Jacqueline Matz (Appellants)." C13047, C13207. (April 18): 143pp.
Cowell, Alan. 1997. "Germany Will Place Scientology Under Nationwide Surveillance." New York Times (June 7): 1, 6.
Crockett, Sandra. 1987. "Controversial Ministry Picks Baltimore as New Home Base." The Sun [Baltimore, Maryland]. (August 10).
Dahl, 1998. "Scientology's Influence Grows in Washington." St. Petersburg Times (March 29): 1A, 14A.
Department of the Treasury-Internal Revenue Service. 1993. "Closing Agreement on Final Determination Covering Specific Matters." (October 1); Downloaded from:
<http://www.xenu.net/archive/IRS/ > on January 6, 1998: 59pp.
Deutscher Bundestag, 1998. Final Report of the Enquete Commission on 'So-called Sects and Psychogroups.' Translated by Wolfgang Fehlberg and Monica Ulloa-Fehlberg. Bonn: Deutscher Bundestag.
Diamond, Sara. 1995. Roads to Dominion. New York: Guilford Press.
Dumay, Jean-Michel. 2000. "Jacques Guyard Condamné Pour Avoir Qualifié le Mouvement
Anthroposophe de Secte." Le Monde (March 23): 12.
Elving, Ronald D. 2000. "Starstruck: Celebrity, Politics, and the News Media." Media Studies Journal (Winter): 10-15.
European Court of Justice. 2000. "Judgement of the Court" Case c-54/99 (March 14): 7pp.
Fautré, Willy. 1999. "Belgium's Anti-Sect War." Social Justice Research 12 No. 4: 377-392.
European Federation of Centers for Research and Information on Sectarianism. 1999. "Common
Declaration of the European Conference." (April 23-24); Downloaded from:
<http://www.factnet.org/euro_comm_decl.html>on January 11, 2001: 2pp.
Fisher, Marc. 1992. "Evangelists Seek Souls In Once Atheistic Land." Washington Post (August 6): A33, A36.
Foundation for Religious Tolerance. 2000. "2000 European Marathon for Religious Freedom is Off
and Running." Downloaded from: < http://www.religioustolerance.net/home.html > on September
29, 2000: 3pp.
Frantz, Douglas. 1997. "Scientology's Puzzling Journey From Tax Rebel to Tax Exempt." New
York Times (March 9): 1, 30-31.
Gilman, Benjamin A. 1999. "Gilman Cosponsors Resolution on Religious Discrimination in
Germany[:] 'Germany is a Country That Should To [sic] Be a Leader in Tolerance,' Says Gilman."
Press Release. (October 21): 2pp.
Gottleib, Robert; and Peter Wiley. 1984. America's Saints: The Rise of Mormon Power. New York:
G.P. Putnam's Sons.
Government of the State of Bavaria. 2000. "Measures Undertaken by the Government of the State of
Bavaria Against Scientology. 7. Use of So-Called affidavits of Protection by Official Agencies
When Granting Public Contracts." Downloaded from:
<http://www.innenministerium.bayern.de/english/scientology/e15punkte/e7.htm> on June 8, 2000: 1p.
Grove, Lloyd. 2000. "Ringing Scientology's Bell." The Washington Post (June 14): C3.
Goldberg, Jeffrey. 1997. "Washington Discovers Christian Persecution." New York Times Magazine (December 21): 46ff.
Greater Grace Ministries. 2000. "France." (May 13); Downloaded from:
<http://www.ggwo.org/missions/europe/france.html> on September 10, 2000: 4pp.
Gunn, T. Jeremy. 1996. "Adjudicating Rights of Conscience Under the European Convention on
Human Rights." In Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective. Edited by Johan D. Van der Vyver and John Witte, Jr. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: 305-330.
------. 2000a. "The Two Faces of France." Testimony of Dr. T. Jeremy Gunn before the House
International Relations Committee, House of Representatives. (June 14): 15pp.
------. 2000b. [Curriculum Vitae]. 3pp.
Haag, Gerhard. 1992. "Project A." [Letter and Attachments]. (December 4): 10pp.
Hamburger Morgenpost 2000. "Deluded Scientologists Mob Ursula Caberta in Florida." (August
23); Downloaded from: <alt.religion.scientology> on August 23, 2000: 2pp.
Hansen, Susan. 1997. "Did Scientology Strike Back?" The American Lawyer (June): 62-70.
Hausherr, Tilman. 1999. "The Cult Apologist FAQ: Exposing the Cult's Willing Defenders."
(November 19); Downloaded from: < http://home.snafu.de/tilman/faq-you/cult.apologists.txt > on October 2, 2000.
Heimgaertner, Sabine. 1999. "France Declares War on Scientology and Demonstrates Powerlessness." dpa (October 2); Dowload from the Unofficial Translation of Joe Cisar at: <
http://cisar.org/991002a.htm > on October 7, 1999: 2pp.
Heller, Lawrence E. 1989. "Declaration of Lawrence E. Heller." [On or About November 1]: 2pp.;
Filed in The Superior
Court of the State of California, Marin, County Courts, "Church of Scientology, International vs.
Gerald Armstrong." No. 157680. Filed November 16, 1994; Bates Numbers 2471-2472.
Henley, Jon. 2000. "Church Attacks New French Anti-Cult Law." Guardian [UK] (June 23);
Downloaded from: <alt.religion.scientology > on June 22, 2000: 2pp; with link to:
<http://www.guardianunlimited.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4032666.00.html>.
Higgins, Alexander G. 1998. "U.N. Investigator Rejects as 'Puerile' Scientology's Nazi Claim." AP
Worldstream (March 3); Downloaded from: < alt.religion.scientology > On March 4, 1998: 2pp.
(Received via e-mail).
Horne, William W. 1992. "The Two Faces of Scientology." American Lawyer (July/August): 74-82.
House of Representatives. 1997. " Expressing the sense of the Congress with Respect to the discrimination by the German Government against members of minority religious groups,
particularly the continued and increasing discrimination by the German Government against
performers, entertainers, and other artists from the United States associated with Scientology."
H.CON RES.22. (February 13); Downloaded from: < http://thomas.loc.gov/cgibin/
query/z?c105:H.CON.RES.22: > on April 19, 2000: 4pp.
------. 2000. "Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives with respect to violations in
Western Europe of provisions of the Helsinki Final Act and other international agreements relating
to the freedom of individuals to profess and practice religion or belief." H. RES. 588. (September 21).
Hubbard, L. Ron. 1976. Modern Management Technology Defined. 1984 Reprint. Copenhagen:
New Era Publications.
Human Rights Watch. 1999. "Human Rights Watch World Report 1999: United States: Human
Rights Developments." Downloaded from: < http://www.hrw.org/worldreport99/usa/index.html >
on September 18, 2000: 14pp.
Interhemispheric Resource Center. 1991 "World Vision." (December): 14pp.; Downloaded from:
<http://www.pir.org/gw/wv.txt> on September 25, 2000.
International Association of Scientologists. 1990. "What To Do." [Oversized Pamphlet]: 1p.
------. 1994? "International Association of Scientologists: Ensuring the Future of Scientology
Throughout the World." Magazine. [No Place or Publisher].
International Coalition for Religious Freedom. 1998. "ICRF Conference-'Religious Freedom in
Europe toward the New Millennium.'" Berlin, Germanym May 29-31, 1998; Downloaded from:
<http://www.religiousfreedom.com/Conference/Germany.htm> on September 23, 1999.
------. 1999. "ICRF Conference-'Religious Freedom and the New Millennium.'" Tokyo, Japan, May
23-25, 1998; Downloaded from < http://www.religiousfreedom.com/ > on September 23, 1999.
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights. 1999. "Religious Discrimination and Related
Violations of Helsinki Commitments." Report to the OSCE Supplementary Human Dimension
Meeting on Freedom of Religion, Vienna (March 22); Downloaded from: <http://www.ihfhr.
org/reports/osce99/99reldis03.htm > on September 6, 1999: 2pp.
Introvigne, Massimo. 1998. "Religious Liberty in Western Europe." Briefing of the Commission on
Security and Cooperation in Europe. (July 30): 26pp.
------. 1998? "Dr. Lenz Does It Again!"; Downloaded from:
<http://www.himalaya.com/nosound.htm > on August 7, 1998.
------. 1999a. "Holy Mountains and Anti-Cult Ecology: the Campaign Against the Aumist Religion
in France." Social Justice Research 12 No. 4: 365-375.
------. 1999b. "Misinformation, Religious Minorities and Religious Pluralism." Statement to the
Organization for the Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)-Supplementary Meeting on
Freedom of Religion-Vienna. (March 22): 5pp.
------. 2000. "Dark Shadows: The Crisis of the French Anticult Mission (MILS) and Its Report
2000." Downloaded from: < http://www.cesnur.org/testi/fr2K_dic1.htm > on January 6, 2001: 2pp.
Jacoby, Mary. 1998. "High Profile Couple Never Pairs Church and State." St. Petersberg Times
(December 13); Downloaded from: <
http://www.sptimes.com/Floridian/121398/High_profile_couple_n.html > on October 4, 1999: 7pp.
Jensen, Craig. 2000. "Written Testimony of Craig Jensen." House Committee on International
Relations on The Treatment of Religious Minorities in Western Europe." (June 14): 8pp.
Jentzsch, Heber. [2000]. "A Call to Arms! European Religious Freedom Events 2000." Introduction
by Joava M. Good, Executive Director, Foundation for Religious Tolerance (August 13, 2000).
Posted by Alfred E. Noumenon in < alt.religion.scientology > on August 27, 2000.
Journal Officiel. 1905. "Loi du 9 décembre 1905 concernant la séparation des Eglises et de l'Etat."
(décembre 11); Downloaded from: < http://www.legitfrance.gouv.fr/html/frame_jo.html > on
October 8, 2000: 19pp.
Keck, Margaret E.; and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in
International Politics. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Kennedy, J. Michael. 2000. "Raising Funds to House Memories of Way They Were." Los Angeles
Times (August 14); Downloaded from: < http://www.latimes.com/news/20000814/t000076320.html
> on August 15, 2000: 3pp.
Kent, Stephen A. 1990. "Deviance Labelling and Normative Strategies in the Canadian 'New
Religions/Countercult' Debate." Canadian Journal of Sociology 15 No.4: 393-416.
------. 1994. "Lustful Prophet: A Psychosexual Historical Study of the Children of God's Leader,
David Berg." Cultic Studies Journal 1 No. 2 (1994): 135-188.
------. 1997. "Brainwashing in Scientology's Rehabilitation Project Force." Revised Version of a
Presentation at the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, San Diego, California (November
7); Available on the World Wide Web at <http://www.lermanet.com/cos/brainwashing.html >and
<http://www.innernet.net/joecisar/rpf1000.htm >; Revised and Expanded German and English
Versions Published by Hamburg: Behörde für Inneres-Arbeitsgruppe Scientology (October, 2000).
------. 1998. "Crimes." The Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. Edited by William H. Swatos.
London: Alta Mira Press: 121-122.
------. 1999a. "The Globalization of Scientology: Influence, Control and Opposition in Transnational
Markets." Religion 29: 147-169.
------. 1999b. "Scientology-Is This a Religion?" Marburg Journal of Religion 4 No.1 (July): 11pp.;
Downloaded through: < http://www.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/ > on July 8,
1999: 29pp.
Kent, Stephen A. and Theresa Krebs. 1998a. "Academic Compromise in the Social Scientific Study
of Alternative Religions." Nova Religio 2 No. 1 (October): 44-54.
------. 1998b. "When Scholars Know Sin: Alternative Religions and Their Academic Supporters."
Skeptic 6 No. 3: 36-44; Also Available at: < http://www.skeptictank.org/wsns.htm >.
------. 1999. "Clarifying Contentious Issues: A Rejoinder to Melton, Shupe, and Lewis." Skeptic 7
No. 1: 21-26.
Kent, Stephen A.; and James V. Spickard. 1994. "The 'Other' Civil Religion and the Tradition of
Radical Quaker Politics." Journal of Church and State 36 (Spring): 373-387.
Klein, Gary. 2000. "Marin Judge Refuses to Muffle Scientology Critic." (December 21);
Downloaded from: < http://marinij.com/news/stories/index2001596.html > on December 22, 2000: 2pp.
Kommers, Donald P. 1997. The Constitutional Jurisprudence of The Federal Republic of Germany.
Second Edition. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
Konigsberg, Eric. 1998. "Dark Lenz." New York (July 20): 20-28.
Kreisberg, Louis. 1997. " Social Movements and Global Transformation." In Transnational Social
Movements and Global Politics. Edited by Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield, and Ron Pagnucco.
Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press: 3-18.
Kruttschnitt, Christine; Rainer Nuebel; and Jeannette Schweitzer. 2000. "The Big Bluff." Stern
(June 29); Downloaded from: < http://www.lisatrust.org/Stern.htm > on August 11, 2000: 3pp.
Lattin, Don. 1992. "Journey to the East." New Age Journal (November/December): 70-75.
Lewis, James R. 1999. "Let the Schola Who Is Without Sin Cast the First Stone." Skeptic 7 No.1: 18-21.
Landos, Tom and Benjamin A. Gilman. 1999. "[Letter to Lord Russell-Johnston, President, The
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe." (June 18): 2pp.; Downloaded from:
<http://www.home.ch/~spaw1736/sciento-vs-internet/osce-smith.htm> on September 23, 2000.
Loomis, Mike. 1999. "Marco Faithful Gather for Prayer Breakfast." Naples Daily News [Florida,
USA]. (January 28): 3pp.; Downloaded through: < http://www.naplesnews.com/ > on September 25, 2000.
Louter, Michiel. 1997. "Disreputable Forces at Work Among the Sect Researchers at CESNUR." De
Groene Amsterdamer [Holland], English Translation by Herman de Tollenaere From a Previous
German Version. (August 13): 6pp; Dowloaded from: <
http://www.rickross.com/reference/apologist16.html > on August 27, 1988.
Lubasch, 1982. "Rev. Moon Is Convicted of Income-Tax Fraud." New York Times (May 19): A1, A4.
Luedenscheider Nachrichten, 1999. "Officials: Scientologists Have Infiltrated Elysée Palace-
Organization in France Rejects Accusations." (September 15); Downloaded from: <
http://cisar.org/990915b.htm > on September 19, 1999: 1p.
Luxmoore, Jonathan. 2000. "Poland Steps Up Measures Against New Religions." Keston News
Service Issue 7, Article 3 (July 6); 4pp. (E-mail copy).
Martin, Fiona. 1992. "In Your Face." PDXS [Portland, Oregon] 2 No.6: 3-4.
Martin, William. 1999. "The Christian Right and American Foreign Policy." Foreign Policy
(Spring): 66-80).
Martinez, Miguel [Compiler]. 2000. "CESNUR Publicly Supports Scientology Propaganda in Germany." Downloaded from: <http://www.kelebekler.com/cesnur/txt/prop2.htm > on October 14,
2000: 11pp.
Maxwell, Joe. 1992. "New Kingdoms for the Cults." Christianity Today (January 13): 37-40.
Mayer, Jean-François. 1999. "'Out Terrestrial Journey is Coming to and End': The Last Voyage of
the Solar Temple." Nova Religio 2, No.2 (April): 172-196.
McCarthy, John D. 1997. "The Globalization of Social Movement Theory." In Transnational Social
Movements and Global Politics. Edited by Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield, and Ron Pagnucco.
Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press: 243-259.
McCarthy, John D.; and Mayer N. Zald. 1973. The Trend of Social Movements in America:
Professionalization and Resource Mobilization. Morristown, New Jersey: General Learning
Systems.
------. 1977. "Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory." American Journal of Sociology 82 No. 6 (May): 1212-1241.
McNair, Lord. 1999. "Religious Discrimination in Europe." [Letter to The Lord Russell-Johnston]. (March 10): 1p.
Melton, J. Gordon. 1999. "Mea Culpa! Mea Culpa!" Skeptic 7 No.1: 14-18.
Miller, Timothy. 1993. "New Religions Drawing Followers and Conflict in Europe, Eastern
Europe." Religion Watch (April): 1-2.
Miscavige, David. 1993. "David Miscavige Speaks on the IRS;" Downloaded from: <
alt.religion.scientology > on April 8, 1997: 36pp.
Mission Interministérielle de Lutte contra les Sectes. 1999. "Éléments de Réponse et Documentation
a l'Attention des Services du Ministére des Affaires Étrangéres." (Juin 11): 4pp.
------. 2000a. "Rapport." (January). 51pp.
------. 2000b. "Rapport 2000." (December 21). 69pp.
Moore, Art. 1992. "Fertile Ground for False Teaching." Christianity Today (January 13): 40-41.
Morgan, Lucy. 1998. "Scientology Got Blame for French Suicide." The Times [Tampa, Florida]
(February 8): 1A, 8A.
Morrison, David. 1997. "A Diminished Vision? Does a Major Christian Relief Agency Advocate
Population Control?" PRI Review [a Publication of the Population Research Institute].
(July/August): 5; Downloaded from: < http://www.pop.org/reports/dimvis.html > on September 25,
2000.
Morvant, Penny. 1996. "Sects Prompt Protests in Eastern Europe." HAL [Hungarian American
List], OMRI [Open Media Analytical Brief]," (July 2); Downloaded from:
<http://mineral.umd.edu/hungary/archive/1996/Jul/0013/html> on October 21, 1998: 3pp.
Muir, Hugh. 1994. "Peer Urges Cult Speakers to Quit." Daily Telegraph [London]. (April 18).
Mutual Agreement. 1986. "Mutual Release of All Claims and Settlement Agreement." (December
6): 16pp.; Filed in Church of Scientology, International vs. Gerald Armstrong, In the Court of
Appeal of the State of California, First Appellate District, No. A075027, Bates Numbers 463-478;
in Bound Volume 2.
News American [Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.]. 1984. "Church Leaders Decry Ruling on Moon
Case. Court Won't Block Clergyman's Jail Term." (May 15).
New York Post 1997. "Travolta Brings Sect's Appeal." (September 19): 23.
New York Times. 1998. "U.N. Derides Scientologists' Charges About German 'Persecution.'" (April
2); Downloaded on April 3, 1998 from an e-mail Posting; 1p.
Office of Special Affairs. 1995. "Greece Raid Handling Pjt: 558 PGN." Executive Directive.
(August 26, Revised September 2): 9pp; Downloaded from:
<http://www.xenu.net/archive/greece/558_1.gif> on August 20, 1997 (Greek Court Stamp Numbers
000834-000843).
OSCE Supplementary Human Dimension Meeting On Freedom of Religion. 1999. "Religious
Discrimination and Related Violations of Helsinki Commitments." Vienna. (March 22): 2pp.
OTS [Vienna, Austria]. 2000. "President Clinton to Speak with Leading Government
Representatives." (October 5); Downloaded from: <alt.religion.scientology> on October 7, 2000: 2pp.
Peckham, Michael. 1998. "New Dimensions of Social Movement/Countermovement Interaction:
The Case of Scientology and its Internet Critics." Canadian Journal of Sociology 23 No. 4: 317-347.
Public Law 105-292. 1998. "International Religious Freedom Act of 1998." 112 Stat. 2787-(Oct. 27,
1998). Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America (October 27).
Reader, Ian. 2000. "Scholarship, Aum Shinrikyo, and Academic Integrity." Nova Religio 3: 368-382.
Religious Tolerance. 2000. "Religious Intolerance in Belgium." Downloaded from: <
http://www.religioustolerance.org/rt_belgi.htm > on September 17, 2000: 3pp.
Reuters, 2000. "France Fined Over Missing Scientology Files." (January 5); Downloaded from:
<alt.religion.scientology > on January 6, 2000: 1p.
Ribuffo, Leo. 1998. "Religion and American Foreign Policy: The Story of a Complex Relationship."
The National Interest 52 (Summer); Downloaded from EBSCOhost on September 3, 1999: 17pp.
Richardson, James T. 1995. "Minority Religions, Religious Freedom, and the New Pan-European
Political and Judicial Institutions." Journal of Church and State 37: 39-59.
------. 1997. "New Religions and Religious Freedom in Eastern and Central Europe: A Sociological
Analysis." In New Religious Phenomena in Central and Eastern Europe. Edited by Irena Borowik
and Grzegorz Babiski. Kraków: NOMOS: 257-282.
------. 1999. "Social Control of New Religions: From 'Brainwashing' Claims to Child Sex Abuse
Accusations." In Susan J. Palmer and Charlotte E. Hardman, Editors. Children in New Religions.
New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press: 172-186.
Russell, Ron. 1999. "Scientology's Revenge." New Times Los Angeles Volume 4 No. 36
(September 9-15): 13ff.
St. Petersburg Times. 2000. "France Proposes Dissolution of its Scientology 'Sect.'" (March 1): 1A,
8A (Reprinted from the Los Angeles Times).
Sarper, Banu; and Miguel Martinez (Editors). 1999. "CESNUR Critical Page." (November 29);
Downloaded from: < http://www.ummah.org.uk/kelebek/cesnur/eng.htm > on September 24, 2000.
Scientology Kirche Deutschland eV. 1994. "To the Delegations of the CSCE Participating States"
(Cover letter from Nicola Cramer). (September 12): 5pp.
Seiwert, Hubert. 1999. "The German Enquete Commission on Sects: Political Conflicts and
Compromises." Social Justice Research 12 No. 4: 323-340.
Shea, Nina. 1997. In the Lion's Den: A Shocking Account of Persecution and Martyrdom of
Christians and Today and How We Should Respond. Nashville, Tennessee: Broadman & Holman
Publishers.
Sherman, Len. 1990. The Good, the Bad and the Famous: Celebrities Playing Politics. New York: Lyle Stuart.
Shupe, Anson. 1999. "Kent and Krebs' Skepticism Crosses the Line." Skeptic 7 No.1: 18.
Sindelfinger Zeitung. [Basil, Switzerland]. 1999. "Freiburg Official Did Not Know Swiss Law."
(December 1); Dowloaded from the Unoffical Translation by Joe Cisar at: <
http://cisar.org/991201d.htm > on October 9, 2000: 2pp.
Smith, Jackie; Ron Pagnucco; and Charles Chatfield. 1997. "Social Movements and World Politics:
A Theoretical Framework." In Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics. Edited by
Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield, and Ron Pagnucco. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press: 59-77.
Stamm, Hugo. 1999. "UFO Sect Call for Suicide." Tages-Anzeiger (Unofficial Translation by Joe
Cisar).(June 19): Downloaded from: < http://cisar.org/990619c.htm > on October 1, 2000: 2pp.
Stark, Rodney. 1985. "Europe's Receptivity to Religious Movements." In Rodney Stark, (Editor).
Religious Movements: Genesis, Exodus, and Numbers. New York: Paragon House: 301-343.
State of Florida vs. Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization, Inc..., 1998. "Summons to
Appear." Circuit Court, Sixth Judicial Circuit of Florida, In and For Pinellas County. CRC98-20377
CFANO-K. (November 13): 18pp.
Stern, Christopher. 2000. "Hollywood Backs Hilary for N.Y. Senate Seat." (February 25);
Downloaded from: < alt.religion.scientology > onFebruary 25, 2000: 1p.
Stewart, James B., Jr. 1980. "Scientology's War Against Judges." The American Lawyer (December): 30-32.
Sullivan, Winnifred Fallers. 1999. "Exporting Religion." Commonweal (February 26); Downloaded
from EBSCOhost on September 3, 1999: 3pp.
Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Los Angeles. 1984. "Testimony of
Gerald Armstrong." Transcript In "Church of Scientology of California vs. Gerald Armstrong, Mary
Sue Hubbard, Intervenor." No. c 420153: (May 10): 1889-1563.
Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Marin. 1995a. "Order of Permanent
Injunction." In Church of Scientology International vs. Gerald Armstrong; DOEs 1 through 25,
inclusive." Case No. BC 157680 (October 17): 9pp. Bound in: State of California, Court of Appeal,
Scientology versus Armstrong. Introductory Volume.
------. 1995b. "Church of Scientology International's Memorandum of Points and Authorities in
Opposition to Armstrong's 'Amended' Motion for Reconsideration of Entry of Permanent
Injunction; Request for Sanctions Against Armstrong and His Attorney, Ford Greene." Case No. BC
157680 (December 1; Filed November 22): 16pp.; Bates Numbers 9431 to 9449. Bound in: State of
California, Court of Appeal, Scientology versus Armstrong. Volume 34.
Swan, Rita. 1998. "Letting Children Die for the Faith." Free Inquiry (Winter): 6-7.
Swedish Government Commission. 1998. "In Good Faith: Society and the New Religious
Movements, Summary Report." Cultic Studies Journal 16 No. 1 (1999): 52-63.
Tabayoyon, Andre. 1994. "Declaration of Andre Tabayoyon." Filed in the United States District
Court, Central District of California. "Church of Scientology International, vs. Steven Fishman and
Uwe Geertz. Case No. CV 91 6426 HLH (Tx). (April 4): 64 pp. (Plus Attachments); Available on
the World Wide Web at: < http://wpxx02.toxi.uni-wuerzburg.de/~krasel/CoS/aff/aff_at.html > on
January 6, 2001: 23pp.
Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power In Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ternisienm Xavier. 1999. "Washington au Secours des Sectes." Le Monde (June 28): 1, 14.
Thibodeau, David; and Leon Whiteson. 1999. A Place Called Waco: A Survivor's Story. New York:
PublicAffairs [sic].
United Nations Commission on Human Rights. 1994. "Implementation of the Declaration on the
Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief:
Germany." Report Submitted b Mr. Abdelfattah Amor, Special Rapporteur. (January 20);
Downloaded from: <alt.religion.scientology> on February 22, 1998: 10pp.
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 1989. "Convention on the Rights of the
Child." Adopted and Open for Signature, Ratification, and Accession by the General Assembly
Resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989. Entry into Force 2 September 1990, in Accordance with
Article 49; Downloaded from: < http: www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm > on February 21,
2000: 19pp.
United States Claims Court. 1992. "Church of Spiritual Technology v. The United States. No. 581-
88T. (June 29); Downloaded from: <http://www.xenu.net/archive/CourtFiles/occf72.html> on
January 7, 2001: 24pp.
United States Code. Sec. 7311. Loyalty and Striking. Downloaded from:
<fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t05t08+778+0++%28loyalty%20oath%29%20%20%AND%20%
29/16/00 > on September 16, 2000.
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 1999. "Steve McFarland, Religious
Scholar, Selected Executive Director of the United States Commission on International Religious
Freedom." Downloaded from: < http://www.uscirf.gov/cgi-bin/prReader.pl?pr=2 > on September
18, 2000: 2 pp.
------. 2000. "The Commissioners." (July 07); Downloaded from:
<http://www.uscirf.gov/cirfPages/commissioners.htm> on September 18, 2000: 1p. (and links).
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. 1983. "United States of American v. Sun Myung
Moon and Takeru Kamiyama, Defendants-Appellants." Argued March 23, 1983; Decided
September 13, 1983. Federal Reporter, Second Series. Volume 718 F2d: 1210-1247. (Cited as
"United States v. Moon 718 F. 2d 1210 [2d Cir. 1983]).
United States Department of State. 1994. "Germany Human Rights Practices, 1993." (January 31): 31pp; Downloaded from: < gopher://dosfan.lib.uic.edu.00ftp:DOSFan:Gopher:03%
20Publications%20-%Maj...:German > on September 12, 1999: 31pp.
------. 1996. "Daily Press Briefing" (October 18); Downloaded from the World Wide Web at
<00ftp:DOSFan:Gopher:02 Public Affairs: Press B...> on April 27, 1998.
------. 1997a. "Daily Press Briefing" DPB #9 (January 16).
------. 1997b. "United States Policies in Support of Religious Freedom: Focus on Christians."
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Affairs. (July 22); Downloaded from:
<http://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/970722_relig_rpt_christian.html> on September
19, 2000: 57pp.
------. 1998. "On-The-Record Briefing on the International Religious Freedom Act." Released by the
Office of the Spokesman, Washington, D.C. (October 9); Downloaded from:
<http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/relgfree.htm> on November13, 2000.
------. 1999a. "Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 1999" Released by the Bureau
for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (September 9): 43pp; Downloaded from:
<http://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/irf/irf_rpt/1999/ > on September 11, 1999.
------. 1999b. "France Country Report [for 1998]." (February): 15pp.; Downloaded from:
<http://www.usis.usemb.seÕhuman/human1998/france.html > on September 12, 1999.
------. 2000a. "2000 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom: Executive Summary."
(September 5): 23pp.; Downloaded from: <
http://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/irf/irf_rpt/irf_exec.html > on January 2, 2001.
------. 2000b. "2000 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom: France." (September 5): 7
pp.; Downloaded from: < http://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/irf/irf_rpt/irf_france.html
> on January 1, 2001.
United States District Court for the District of Columbia. 1979. "United States of America vs. Mary
Sue Hubbard et. al. Stipulation of Evidence." Criminal No. 78-401 (October 25): 283pp.
------. 1980. "United States of America v. Jane Kember, Morris Budlong a/k/a Mo Budlong.
Sentencing Memorandum of the United States of America." Criminal No. 78-401(2)&(3).
(December 16): 36pp.
Von Rimscha, Robert. 2000. "Scientology Debate: Does Hollywood Pay Critics of Germany?" Der
Tagesspiegel (June 16); Unofficial Translation by Joe Cisar Downloaded from:
<alt.religion.scientology> on June 16, 2000: 2pp.
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974. The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins
of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. London: Academic Press.
Walsroder Zeitung [Basel, Switzerland]. 1999. "Germany Constitutional Security Agent in Court in Switzerland." (November 30); Downloaded from the Unofficial Translation of Joe Cisar at: <
http://www.cisar.org/991130b.htm > on October 9, 2000: 1p.
Ward, The Right Honourable Lord Justice Alan. 1995. "W 42 1992 in the High Court of Justice.
Family Division. Principal Registry in the Matter of ST (A Minor) and in the Matter of the Supreme
Court Act 1991." (October 19): 295pp.
Washington Post. 1983. "Court Upholds Rev. Moon's Tax Conviction." (September 14): A5.
------. 1997. "Scientologists Lose Court Case." (January 24): A26.
------. 1999. "Missing Scientology Papers Addressed." (September 15); Downloaded from:
<http://search.washingtonpost.com/wp-ser/WAPO/19990915/V000671-091599-idx.html > on
September 17, 1999: 2pp.
Wayne, Leslie. 2000. "Trial Lawyers Pour Money into Democrats' Chests." New York Times
(March 23): A1, A24.
Whitney, Craig R. 1994. "Scientology and Its German Foes: A Bitter Conflict." New York Times
(November 7): A12.
Whittell, Giles. 1997. "Coup for Church as Studios Fear Box-Office Boycott." The Times (London),
(January 10): 13.
Wilson, Bryan R. 1990. The Social Dimensions of Sectarianism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Wilson, Andrew H. 1997. "Declaration of Andrew H. Wilson in Support of Ex Parte Application for
Order to show Cause Re Contempt." In Superior Court of the State of California for the County of
Marin. Church of Scientology International vs. Gerald Armstrong et. al." Case No. BC 157680 (December 1): 7pp.
WISE International. 1993. "Special Edition on Albania." WISE WINS (The Membership Newsletter of WISE International). No. 32.
Wright, Stuart A. (Editor). 1995. Armageddon in Waco: Critical Perspectives on the Branch
Davidian Conflict. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Wuthnow, Robert. 1980. "World Order and Religious Movements." In Albert Bergesen, Editor.
Studies in the Modern World-System. New York: Academic Press; Reprinted in Eileen Barker,
Editor. New Religious Movements: A Perspective for Understanding Society. Toronto: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1982: 47-65.
Young, Josh. 1998. "Bill Clinton's Grand Seduction." George (March): 106ff.
Zald, Mayer N.; and John D. McCarthy. 1987. "Religious Groups as Crucibles of Social Movements." In Mayer N. Zald and John D. McCarthy, Editors. Social Movements in an
Organizational Society: Collected Essays. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books.

Downloads

Published

2015-08-25

How to Cite

Kent, S. A. (2015). THE FRENCH AND GERMAN VERSUS AMERICAN DEBATE OVER ’NEW RELIGIONS’ , SCIENTOLOGY, AND HUMAN RIGHTS. Marburg Journal of Religion, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.17192/mjr.2001.6.3742

Issue

Section

Articles