Publikationsserver der Universitätsbibliothek Marburg
Titel:Lateral strukturierte Oberflächen zur THz-Strahlmanipulation
Autor:Jahn, David
Weitere Beteiligte: Koch, Martin (Prof. Dr.)
Veröffentlicht:2018
URI:https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2018/0093
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17192/z2018.0093
URN: urn:nbn:de:hebis:04-z2018-00932
DDC: Physik
Publikationsdatum:2018-03-13
Lizenz:https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/

Dokument

Schlagwörter:
Plasmonik, Messgenauigkeit, Therahertz

Zusammenfassung:
Die Terahertz-Zeitbereichsspektroskopie ist mittlerweile eine etablierte spektroskopische Methode im Frequenzbereich von 0;2 THz bis etwa 5 THz. Mit der stetigen Verbesserung von Zeitbereichs-Spektrometern, in den letzten Jahren hauptsächlich vorangetrieben durch die Verbesserung der Materialsysteme sowohl im photoleitenden Emitter als auch im Detektor sind heute Systeme mit bis zu 90 dB SNR und 4;5 THz Brandbreite verfügbar. Auch der Einfluss anderer Systemkomponenten, deren Beitrag zum Gesamtrauschen vormals vernachlässigbar war, sollte daher neu überdacht werden. Der Beitrag dieser Arbeit zu diesem Themenkomplex setzt sich zum einen aus der erneuten Auseinandersetzung mit der Messdatenauswertung in Kapitel 2.3.1 als auch mit der Untersuchung von statistischen Positionierfehlern der Verzögerungseinheit in Kapitel 2.3.3 zusammen. In Kapitel 2.3.1 ist die Gauß'sche Fehlerpropagation der Messfehler im Zeitbereich auf die optischen Konstanten der Hauptbeitrag der Arbeit zur Verbesserung der Messdatenauswertung. Bei der Untersuchung der statistischen Fehler der Verzögerungseinheit zeigt sich, dass die aktuell verwendeten hochpräzisen Verzögerungseinheiten (PI, MICOS) auch in aktuellen Systemen noch keinen Einfluss auf den maximalen Signal-zu-Rausch Abstand haben [95]. Hier gilt es vielmehr, die grundlegende Theorie zur Abtastung von zeitlich begrenzten Signalen zu beachten, d. h. zusammenfassend kurze Messfenster bei hoher Zeitauflösung. Die Messdaten belegen weiterhin, dass ein wesentlich größerer Fehler in der Zeitachse von Zeitbereichsdaten häufig systematischer Natur ist. Deren Ursprung kann sowohl in der Mechanik der Verzögerungsstrecke oder aber auch in der Art und Weise der Datenaufnahme liegen [48]. Offen bleibt bislang, wie Fehlerabschätzungen bei der Auswertung von Mehrschichtsystemen am besten durchgeführt werden sollten. Großes praktisches Interesse besteht an der Auswertung dieser Mehrschichtsysteme hinsichtlich Dickenbestimmung der einzelnen Schichten bei bekannten Brechungsindizes, dies könnte etwa für die Untersuchung von Kunstobjekten oder Lackschichten zum Einsatz kommen. Die aktuell verwendeten Algorithmen bieten hier noch Potential für weitere Verbesserungen. Vorbereitend für die Messungen zu dem plasmonischen Bessel-Strahlformer sind Strahlprofilmessungen mit unterschiedlichen Detektoren in Kapitel 2.2 dargestellt. Es zeigt sich, dass die auf Mikrobolometern basierenden THz-Kameras in naher Zukunft eine schnelle und zuverlässige Hilfe zur Justage des THz-Freistrahles werden können. Als wichtigstes Ergebnis ist vielleicht die Zeitbereichsdarstellung des Strahlprofiles in Abbildung 2.11 als unerlässliche Hilfe zur Kollimation und auch Fokussierung von THz-Strahlen identifiziert worden. Mit dieser Darstellung lassen sich mit wenigen Einzelmessungen sehr verlässlich THz-Optiken wie etwa Linsen justieren. Mit diesen Werkzeugen an der Hand wurde in Kapitel 3 ein plasmonischer Bessel- Strahlformer für den THz-Bereich untersucht. Es wird bestätigt, dass die Wechselwirkung von THz-Strahlung und Metalloberflächen durch aufgebrachte, periodische Strukturen beeinflusst werden kann. So lassen sich plasmonische Oberflächen-Wellenleiter aus Metall-Dielektrika Grenzschichten für THz-Frequenzen herstellen. Mittels eines Gitterkopplers wurde die geführte Oberflächenwelle wieder in den Freiraum gestreut und so ein Bessel-Strahlprofil erzeugt. Das Bauteil stellt damit eine neue Klasse von THz-Optiken dar. THz- Emitter könnten potentiell in plasmonische strahlformende Strukturen integriert werden und so die gewünschte Abstrahlcharakteristik der photoleitenden Antennen maßschneidern. Weitere Herausforderungen an solche strahlformenden Elemente könnten z.B. die Anregung von radialsymmetrischen Strahlprofilen oder die Kontrolle der Polarisation des abgestrahlten THz-Feldes sein. Von einem wissenschaftlichen Standpunkt aus betrachtet sind die verbliebenen offenen Fragen bei den durchgeführten Nahfeld-Messungen interessant. Die theoretische Dispersionsrelation liegt zwar im Mittel nah an der experimentell bestimmten, doch gibt es deutliche Abweichungen, deren Erklärung noch unklar ist. Im Kapitel 4 wird die Idee des Gitterkopplers erneut aufgegriffen um einen 3D-gedruckten Wellenleiter mit aufgesetztem Auskoppelgitter für 120 GHz herzustellen. Obwohl mit dieser Wellenleiterstruktur die aktuellen Grenzen des Herstellungsverfahrens ausgereizt wurden, ist zu erwarten dass die 3D-Druck Technologie in den nächsten Jahren noch weitere Verbesserungen erfährt. So könnte es demnächst möglich sein, noch feinere Strukturen zu drucken, wodurch der Weg für die breitbandige Charakterisierung der gefertigten Bauteile mittels THz-Zeitbereichsspektroskopie frei wäre. Durch die sehr kurzen Zyklen zwischen Entwurf, Simulation, Druck und Messung der Bauteile können so die gewünschten Elemente zur THz-Strahlmanipulation iterativ optimiert werden. Von der Vielzahl der bereits demonstrierten 3D-gedruckten Bauteile sind Wellenleiter am vielversprechendsten. Für diese gibt es noch eine Reihe interessanter Ideen, wie etwa die Verwendung eines Mach-Zehnder Interferometers mit Flüssigkristall in einem Arm oder die Erstellung von dielektrischen THz-"Fasern". Eine ganz ähnliche Idee steht hinter den Aerosol-Jet gedruckten Metamaterialien aus Kapitel 5. Hier wird eine neue Technologie, das Aerosol-Jet Druck Verfahren zur Herstellung von Metamaterialien, künstlichen Materialien mit maßgeschneiderten Brechungsindex demonstriert. Während die periodisch strukturierten Metalloberflächen die Dispersionsrelation des Oberflächenplasmons im Bessel-Strahlformer Kapitel verändern, ist es hier die periodische Anordnung der Einheitszellen, die zu Materialien mit künstlichen Brechungsindex-Verläufen für den THz-Bereich führen. Die prototypische Herstellung von leitfähigen Strukturen auf dünne Folien, wie sie durch den Aerosol-Jet Druck möglich ist, könnte die Forschung an THz-Metamaterialien deutlich beschleunigen. Die vorgestellte Struktur aus alternierenden geschlossenen Ring Resonatoren ist eine interessante Teststruktur für die Erforschung von winkelsensitiven Metamaterialien.

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