Publikationsserver der Universitätsbibliothek Marburg
Titel:Neue polymere Werkstoffe für ophthalmologische Implantate: Photoinduzierte Brechungsindexänderung und hochbrechende konkomitierend UV absorbierende Chromophore
Autor:Schraub, Martin
Weitere Beteiligte: Hampp, N. (Prof. Dr.)
Veröffentlicht:2012
URI:https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2013/0052
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17192/z2013.0052
URN: urn:nbn:de:hebis:04-z2013-00528
DDC: Chemie
Titel (trans.):Novel polymeric materials for ophthalmological implants: photo-induced change in refractive index and high refractive index materials with concomitantly UV absorbing chromophores
Publikationsdatum:2013-02-19
Lizenz:https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/

Dokument

Schlagwörter:
Polymere, Grauer Star, intraocular lens, Dimerisierung, Intraocularlinsen, Stilben, Photochemie, Cumarin, Chalkon

Zusammenfassung:
Durch die enormen Fortschritte in der Medizin steigt die durchschnittliche Lebenserwartung der Menschen kontinuierlich. Das Durchschnittsalter eines Mannes beträgt heute bereits über 75 Jahre, das einer Frau über 80 Jahre. Mit zunehmendem Alter der Bevölkerung steigt die Bedeutung von Alterskrankheiten rapide. Die Katarakt (cataracta senilis) oder der „Graue Star“ ist eine Alterskrankheit von der viele Menschen betroffen sind. Im Verlauf der Krankheit trübt sich die ansonsten klare Augenlinse. Diese Trübung steigert sich bis zum vollständigen Verlust der Sehkraft. Katarakt ist mittlerweile weltweit die häufigste Ursache für Blindheit. Die Ursachen der Entstehung von Katarakt sind nicht bis ins letzte Detail geklärt, aber es gibt Faktoren, wie z.B. hohe UV Exposition, die die Progression der Krankheit fördern. Eine medikamentöse Behandlung der Katarakt ist trotz der fortschrittlichen Medizin bis jetzt nicht realisiert. Die einzige Möglichkeit den Grauen Star zu therapieren, ist die getrübte Linse durch einen chirurgischen Eingriff zu explantieren und eine künstliche Linse zu implantieren. Diese künstlichen Linsen, sogenannte Intraokularlinsen (IOL) werden seit über 60 Jahren implantiert. Die Katarakt-Operation ist heute eine der am Menschen häufigsten durchgeführten Operationen. Es gab bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt zahlreiche Innovationen auf dem Gebiet der IOL-Herstellung, jedoch ist ein Hauptproblem der Katarakt-Chirurgie nachwievor die suboptimale Sehkraft nach der IOL-Implantation. Dieses Problem ist individuellen postoperativen Effekten geschuldet und in der Regel nicht vorhersehbar. Über 80% aller Patienten haben nach der IOL-Implantation eine Sehschärfeverlust im Bereich von ± 2 Dioptrien. Ein Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist es, moderne Materialien für die IOL-Herstellung zu synthetisieren, mit denen es möglich ist, postoperativ und non-invasiv die Brechkraft der IOL zu ändern. Erreicht werden soll dieses Ziel durch Verwendung von photochemisch aktiven Gruppen wie Cumarinen, Stilbenen und Chalkonen. Diese Substanzklassen reagieren auf bestimmte Wellenlängen indem sie in einer [2π+2π]-Cycloaddition dimerisieren. Durch die Dimerisierung wird das konjugierte π-Elektronensystem verkürzt, dadurch wiederum ändert sich die Polarisierbarkeit des Moleküls. Weiterführende theoretische Betrachtungen zeigen, dass der Brechungsindex eines Materials von der Polarisierbarkeit abhängt. Somit ist es möglich, durch photochemische Manipulation auf mikroskopischer Ebene, makroskopisch den Brechungsindex eines Materials zu ändern. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde eine Reihe von Polymeren erfolgreich synthetisiert und photochemisch charakterisiert, mit denen es möglich ist, die Brechkraft einer IOL photochemisch um über drei Dioptrien zu ändern. Aus ausgewählten Polymeren wurden zunächst Polymerplatten hergestellt und aus diesen wiederum wurden Linsenprototypen gefertigt. Dadurch konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese neuen Materialien mit industriellen Methoden bearbeitbar sind. Das zweite Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Erforschung von hochbrechenden Materialien, das heißt mit einem Brechungsindex größer als n = 1,60, für den Einsatz als Material für phake Intraokularlinsen. Phake Intraokularlinsen (PIOL) sind sehr dünne Linsen, im Fachjargon auch als Kontaktlinse für „in das Auge“ bekannt. Da diese Linsen sehr dünn sind, ist ein hoher Brechungsindex essentiell, da sonst keine optische Wirkung erreicht werden würde. Zudem sollten Materialien im Rahmen dieser Forschung als Besonderheit gleichzeitig UV absorbierend sein, ohne einen zusätzlichen UV-Absorber zu verwenden. Es wurden zwei Derivate des Cumarins synthetisiert, aus denen methacrylat-basierte Polymere mit einem Brechungsindex von n = 1,61 hergestellt wurden. UV/Vis spektroskopische Messungen zeigten, dass diese Cumarinderivate im Bereich eines typischen UV-Absorbers absorbieren. Photochemische Untersuchungen zeigten, dass diese Cumarinderivate im Gegensatz zu den in Arbeitspaket eins synthetisierten Cumarinderivaten nicht photochemisch dimerisieren und somit der Brechungsindex nicht variiert werden kann.

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