Dokument

Zusammenfassung:
Die Progressive Supranukleäre Blickparese (PSP) ist eine rasch fortschreitende neurodegenerative Erkrankung, die zur Familie der Tauopathien gehört und meist erst nach dem 40. Lebensjahr auftritt. Das Krankheitsbild manifestiert sich häufig als akinetisch-rigides Syndrom und Patienten leiden oft schon zu Beginn an posturaler Instabilität, was zu häufigen Stürzen vor allem nach hinten führt. Das namensgebende Symptom der vertikalen Blickparese kann mitunter erst später oder nie auftreten. Andere Symptome wie Bradykinese, Rigor und frontale Defizite sind wenig spezifisch und können auch im Rahmen anderer neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen auftreten. Bis heute gibt es keine Biomarker, anhand derer die PSP eindeutig diagnostiziert werden kann. Auch der Einsatz von bildgebenden Verfahren ermöglicht bislang keine sichere Diagnosestellung in den frühen Krankheitsstadien. Somit wird die PSP häufig sehr spät, falsch oder nie erkannt. In unserem Institut wurde eine bislang unveröffentlichte Fragebogenstudie mit nicht-dementen, nicht-depressiven Patienten mit klinisch wahrscheinlicher PSP und Alters- und Stadien-gematchten Patienten mit Multisystematrophie mit Parkinsonismus (MSA-P) und Idiopathischem Parkinson Syndrom (IPS) sowie gesunden Kontrollen (K) durchgeführt (N=15 pro Gruppe). In dieser Umfrage berichteten 73% der PSP-Patienten von reduziertem Durstgefühl (K=0; MSA-P=7%, IPS=7%, p<0.0001). Diese Voruntersuchung veranlasste uns dazu, Durst als differentialdiagnostischen Parameter der PSP genauer zu untersuchen. Um Durst auf standardisierte Weise auszulösen, infundierten wir 0.51 mmol/l Kochsalz (NaCl)-Lösung intravenös über einen Zeitraum von 50 min bei Alters-, Geschlechts- und Stadien-gematchten PSP-, MSA-P- und IPS-Patienten (je N=10). In festgelegten Intervallen wurden die Patienten insgesamt 95 min lang nach ihrem Durst befragt, den sie auf einer visuellen Analogskala dokumentieren sollten (0-10). Ihre Plasmaosmolalität wurde zu Beginn und Ende der Infusion sowie beim ersten Auftreten von Durst und bei Erreichen von maximalem Durst bestimmt. Der relative Anstieg der Osmolalität vom Ausgangswert bis zum ersten Durstgefühl war bei PSP-Patienten signifikant höher als bei den MSA-P- und IPS-Patienten. Die Dauer bis zum Auftreten des ersten Durstes war in dieser Gruppe signifikant länger. PSP-Patienten berichteten zu allen Zeitpunkten von 20 bis 95 min von signifikant weniger Durst als MSA-P- und IPS-Patienten. Der maximale Durstwert der PSP-Gruppe war signifikant niedriger als bei der MSA-P- und IPS-Gruppe. Der Durstwert bei 25 min unterschied PSP-Patienten gut von MSA-P- und IPS-Patienten. Nach Testende tranken PSP-Patienten signifikant weniger bis zur Sättigung, als die Patienten der Vergleichsgruppen. Zusammenfassend können wir berichten, dass Hypodipsie häufig und frühzeitig bei PSP auftritt, nicht aber bei IPS oder MSA-P. Ein Dursttest könnte somit bei der Differentialdiagnose der PSP hilfreich sein.

Bibliographie / References

1. Williams, D.R., Holton, J.L., Strand, K., Revesz, T. & Lees, A.J. Pure akinesia with gait freezing: a third clinical phenotype of progressive supranuclear palsy, Mov Disord, 2007, 22.2235-41.
2. Colosimo, C., Albanese, A., Hughes, A.J., de Bruin, V.M. & Lees, A.J. Some specific clinical features differentiate multiple system atrophy (striatonigral variety) from Parkinson's disease, Arch Neurol, 1995, 52(3).294-8. .
3. Stamelou, M., Reuss, A., Pilatus, U., Magerkurth, J., Niklowitz, P., Eggert, K.M., Krisp, A., Menke, T., Schade-Brittinger, C., Oertel, W.H. & Hoglinger, G.U. Short-term effects of coenzyme Q10 in progressive supranuclear palsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Mov Disord, 2008, 23.942-9.
4. Morris, H.R., Osaki, Y., Holton, J., Lees, A.J., Wood, N.W., Revesz, T. & Quinn, N. Tau exon 10 +16 mutation FTDP-17 presenting clinically as sporadic young onset PSP, Neurology, 2003, 61.102-4.
5. Savoiardo, M., Girotti, F., Strada, L. & Ciceri, E. Magnetic resonance imaging in progressive supranuclear palsy and other parkinsonian disorders, J Neural Transm Suppl, 1994, 42.93- 110.
6. Schrag, A., Ben-Shlomo, Y. & Quinn, N.P. Prevalence of progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy: a cross-sectional study, Lancet, 1999, 354.1771-5.
7. von Campenhausen, S., Bornschein, B., Wick, R., Botzel, K., Sampaio, C., Poewe, W., Oertel, W., Siebert, U., Berger, K. & Dodel, R. Prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease in Europe, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2005, 15.473-90.
8. Cooper, J.A., Sagar, H.J., Tidswell, P. & Jordan, N. Slowed central processing in simple and go/no-go reaction time tasks in Parkinson's disease, Brain, 1994, 117 ( Pt 3).517-29.
9. Daniel, S.E., de Bruin, V.M. & Lees, A.J. The clinical and pathological spectrum of Steele- Richardson-Olszewski syndrome (progressive supranuclear palsy): a reappraisal, Brain, 1995, 118 ( Pt 3).759-70.
10. Stanford, P.M., Halliday, G.M., Brooks, W.S., Kwok, J.B., Storey, C.E., Creasey, H., Morris, J.G., Fulham, M.J. & Schofield, P.R. Progressive supranuclear palsy pathology caused by a novel silent mutation in exon 10 of the tau gene: expansion of the disease phenotype caused by tau gene mutations, Brain, 2000, 123 ( Pt 5).880-93.
11. Watanabe, H., Saito, Y., Terao, S., Ando, T., Kachi, T., Mukai, E., Aiba, I., Abe, Y., Tamakoshi, A., Doyu, M., Hirayama, M. & Sobue, G. Progression and prognosis in multiple system atrophy: an analysis of 230 Japanese patients, Brain, 2002, 125.1070-83.
12. Williams, D.R., de Silva, R., Paviour, D.C., Pittman, A., Watt, H.C., Kilford, L., Holton, J.L., Revesz, T. & Lees, A.J. Characteristics of two distinct clinical phenotypes in pathologically proven progressive supranuclear palsy: Richardson's syndrome and PSP-parkinsonism, Brain, 2005, 128.1247-58.
13. Rizzo, G., Martinelli, P., Manners, D., Scaglione, C., Tonon, C., Cortelli, P., Malucelli, E., Capellari, S., Testa, C., Parchi, P., Montagna, P., Barbiroli, B. & Lodi, R. Diffusion-weighted brain imaging study of patients with clinical diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease, Brain, 2008, 131.2690-700.
14. Stamelou, M., de Silva, R., Arias-Carrion, O., Boura, E., Hollerhage, M., Oertel, W.H., Muller, U. & Hoglinger, G.U. Rational therapeutic approaches to progressive supranuclear palsy, Brain, 2010, 133.1578-90.
15. Riley, D.E. & Chelimsky, T.C. Autonomic nervous system testing may not distinguish multiple system atrophy from Parkinson's disease, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2003, 74.56-60.
16. McKinley, M.J., McAllen, R.M., Davern, P., Giles, M.E., Penschow, J., Sunn, N., Uschakov, A. & Oldfield, B.J. The sensory circumventricular organs of the mammalian brain, Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol, 2003, 172.III-XII, 1-122, back cover.
17. Chio, A., Magnani, C. & Schiffer, D. Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in Northwestern Italy: comparison of tracer methodology and clinical ascertainment of cases, Mov Disord, 1998, 13.400-5.
18. Varrone, A., Pagani, M., Salvatore, E., Salmaso, D., Sansone, V., Amboni, M., Nobili, F., De Michele, G., Filla, A., Barone, P., Pappata, S. & Salvatore, M. Identification by [99mTc]ECD SPECT of anterior cingulate hypoperfusion in progressive supranuclear palsy, in comparison with Parkinson's disease, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2007, 34.1071-81.
19. Idiopathic hyposmia as a preclinical sign of Parkinson's disease, Ann Neurol, 2004, 56.173- 81.
20. Parkinson, J. An essay on the shaking palsy. 1817, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2002, 14.223-36; discussion 222.
21. Wenning, G.K., Ebersbach, G., Verny, M., Chaudhuri, K.R., Jellinger, K., McKee, A., Poewe, W. & Litvan, I. Progression of falls in postmortem-confirmed parkinsonian disorders, Mov Disord, 1999, 14.947-50.
22. Osaki, Y., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Lees, A.J., Daniel, S.E., Colosimo, C., Wenning, G. & Quinn, N. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy, Mov Disord, 2004, 19.181- 9.
23. Marchand, J.E. & Hagino, N. Afferents to the periaqueductal gray in the rat. A horseradish peroxidase study, Neuroscience, 1983, 9.95-106.
24. Rajrut, A.H., Uitti, R.J., Fenton, M.E. & George, D. Amantadine effectiveness in multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 1997, 3.211- 4.
25. Poorkaj, P., Muma, N.A., Zhukareva, V., Cochran, E.J., Shannon, K.M., Hurtig, H., Koller, W.C., Bird, T.D., Trojanowski, J.Q., Lee, V.M. & Schellenberg, G.D. An R5L tau mutation in a subject with a progressive supranuclear palsy phenotype, Ann Neurol, 2002, 52.511-6.
26. Ward-Smith, P.A. & Berry, P. Autologous transplantation as a treatment for progressive supranuclear palsy, J Neurosci Nurs, 1990, 22.100-3.
27. Magalhaes, M., Wenning, G.K., Daniel, S.E. & Quinn, N.P. Autonomic dysfunction in pathologically confirmed multiple system atrophy and idiopathic Parkinson's disease--a retrospective comparison, Acta Neurol Scand, 1995, 91.98-102.
28. & Ziemssen, T. Autonomic dysfunction in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy, Mov Disord, 2008, 23.2083-9.
29. Poewe W, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Conrad B (1996) Parkinson-Krankheit. In: Conrad B, Ceballos-Baum AO. (Hrsg.) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Georg Thieme Verlag. 30-67
30. Walter, U., Niehaus, L., Probst, T., Benecke, R., Meyer, B.U. & Dressler, D. Brain parenchyma sonography discriminates Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes, Neurology, 2003, 60.74-7.
31. Strange, K. Cellular volume homeostasis, Adv Physiol Educ, 2004, 28.155-9.
32. Litvan, I., Agid, Y., Calne, D., Campbell, G., Dubois, B., Duvoisin, R.C., Goetz, C.G., Golbe, L.I., Grafman, J., Growdon, J.H., Hallett, M., Jankovic, J., Quinn, N.P., Tolosa, E. & Zee, D.S. Clinical research criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele- Richardson-Olszewski syndrome): report of the NINDS-SPSP international workshop, Neurology, 1996a, 47.1-9.
33. Yasui, K., Inoue, Y., Kanbayashi, T., Nomura, T., Kusumi, M. & Nakashima, K. CSF orexin levels of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration, J Neurol Sci, 2006, 250.120-3.
34. van Balken, I. & Litvan, I. Current and future treatments in progressive supranuclear palsy, Curr Treat Options Neurol, 2006, 8.211-23.
35. Schrag, A., Good, C.D., Miszkiel, K., Morris, H.R., Mathias, C.J., Lees, A.J. & Quinn, N.P. Differentiation of atypical parkinsonian syndromes with routine MRI, Neurology, 2000, 54.697-702.
36. Paviour, D.C., Thornton, J.S., Lees, A.J. & Jager, H.R. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging differentiates Parkinsonian variant of multiple-system atrophy from progressive supranuclear palsy, Mov Disord, 2007, 22.68-74.
37. Oldfield, B.J. & McKinley, M.J. Distribution of Fos in rat brain resulting from endogenously- generated angiotensin II, Kidney Int, 1994, 46.1567-9.
38. Rao, G., Fisch, L., Srinivasan, S., D'Amico, F., Okada, T., Eaton, C. & Robbins, C. Does this patient have Parkinson disease? JAMA, 2003, 289.347-53.
39. McKinley, M.J., Mathai, M.L., Pennington, G., Rundgren, M. & Vivas, L. Effect of individual or combined ablation of the nuclear groups of the lamina terminalis on water drinking in sheep, Am J Physiol, 1999, 276.R673-83.
40. Vanacore, N. Epidemiological evidence on multiple system atrophy, J Neural Transm, 2005, 112.1605-12.
41. Pastor, P., Pastor, E., Carnero, C., Vela, R., Garcia, T., Amer, G., Tolosa, E. & Oliva, R. Familial atypical progressive supranuclear palsy associated with homozigosity for the delN296 mutation in the tau gene, Ann Neurol, 2001, 49.263-7.
42. Wullner, U., Schmitz-Hubsch, T., Abele, M., Antony, G., Bauer, P. & Eggert, K. Features of probable multiple system atrophy patients identified among 4770 patients with parkinsonism enrolled in the multicentre registry of the German Competence Network on Parkinson's disease, J Neural Transm, 2007, 114.1161-5.
43. Oldfield, B.J., Badoer, E., Hards, D.K. & McKinley, M.J. Fos production in retrogradely labelled neurons of the lamina terminalis following intravenous infusion of either hypertonic saline or angiotensin II, Neuroscience, 1994, 60.255-62.
44. Pastor, P., Ezquerra, M., Tolosa, E., Munoz, E., Marti, M.J., Valldeoriola, F., Molinuevo, J.L., Calopa, M. & Oliva, R. Further extension of the H1 haplotype associated with progressive supranuclear palsy, Mov Disord, 2002, 17.550-6.
45. Conrad, C., Andreadis, A., Trojanowski, J.Q., Dickson, D.W., Kang, D., Chen, X., Wiederholt, W., Hansen, L., Masliah, E., Thal, L.J., Katzman, R., Xia, Y. & Saitoh, T. Genetic evidence for the involvement of tau in progressive supranuclear palsy, Ann Neurol, 1997, 41.277-81.
46. McKinley, M.J., Badoer, E. & Oldfield, B.J. Intravenous angiotensin II induces Fos- immunoreactivity in circumventricular organs of the lamina terminalis, Brain Res, 1992, 594.295-300.
47. Travis, K.A. & Johnson, A.K. In vitro sensitivity of median preoptic neurons to angiotensin II, osmotic pressure, and temperature, Am J Physiol, 1993, 264.R1200-5.
48. Tanaka, J. & Nomura, M. Involvement of neurons sensitive to angiotensin II in the median preoptic nucleus in the drinking response induced by angiotensin II activation of the subfornical organ in rats, Exp Neurol, 1993, 119.235-9.
49. Rowland, N.E., Li, B.H., Rozelle, A.K., Fregly, M.J., Garcia, M. & Smith, G.C. Localization of changes in immediate early genes in brain in relation to hydromineral balance: intravenous angiotensin II, Brain Res Bull, 1994, 33.427-36.
50. Warmuth-Metz, M., Naumann, M., Csoti, I. & Solymosi, L. Measurement of the midbrain diameter on routine magnetic resonance imaging: a simple and accurate method of differentiating between Parkinson disease and progressive supranuclear palsy, Arch Neurol, 2001, 58.1076-9.
51. Nicoletti, G., Fera, F., Condino, F., Auteri, W., Gallo, O., Pugliese, P., Arabia, G., Morgante, L., Barone, P., Zappia, M. & Quattrone, A. MR imaging of middle cerebellar peduncle width: differentiation of multiple system atrophy from Parkinson disease, Radiology, 2006, 239.825- 30.
52. Wenning, G.K., Colosimo, C., Geser, F. & Poewe, W. Multiple system atrophy, Lancet Neurol, 2004, 3.93-103.
53. Stefanova, N., Bucke, P., Duerr, S. & Wenning, G.K. Multiple system atrophy: an update, Lancet Neurol, 2009, 8.1172-8.
54. Troost B. Neuro-ophthalmological aspects. In: Litvan I, Agid Y, eds. Progressive supranuclear palsy: clinical und research approaches. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992:44-88.
55. Piccini, P. & Brooks, D.J. New developments of brain imaging for Parkinson's disease and related disorders, Mov Disord, 2006, 21.2035-41.
56. Wenning, G.K., Tison, F., Elliott, L., Quinn, N.P. & Daniel, S.E. Olivopontocerebellar pathology in multiple system atrophy, Mov Disord, 1996, 11.157-62.
57. Lind, R.W., Swanson, L.W. & Ganten, D. Organization of angiotensin II immunoreactive cells and fibers in the rat central nervous system. An immunohistochemical study, Neuroendocrinology, 1985, 40.2-24.
58. McAllen, R.M., Pennington, G.L. & McKinley, M.J. Osmoresponsive units in sheep median preoptic nucleus, Am J Physiol, 1990, 259.R593-600.
59. Macht, M., Kaussner, Y., Moller, J.C., Stiasny-Kolster, K., Eggert, K.M., Kruger, H. & Ellgring, H. Predictors of freezing in Parkinson's disease: a survey of 6,620 patients, Mov Disord, 2007, 22.953-6.
60. Stricker, E.M. & Hoffmann, M.L. Presystemic signals in the control of thirst, salt appetite, and vasopressin secretion, Physiol Behav, 2007, 91.404-12.
61. Tawana, K. & Ramsden, D.B. Progressive supranuclear palsy, Mol Pathol, 2001, 54.427-34.
62. Steele, J.C., Richardson, J.C. & Olszewski, J. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. A heterogeneous degeneration involving the brain stem, basal ganglia and cerebellum with vertical gaze and pseudobulbar palsy, nuchal dystonia and dementia. Arch Neurol, 1964, 10.333-59.
63. Rampello, L., Butta, V., Raffaele, R., Vecchio, I., Battaglia, G., Cormaci, G. & Alvano, A. Progressive supranuclear palsy: a systematic review, Neurobiol Dis, 2005, 20.179-86.
64. Rajput, A. & Rajput, A.H. Progressive supranuclear palsy: clinical features, pathophysiology and management, Drugs Aging, 2001, 18.913-25.
65. Champy, P., Melot, A., Guerineau Eng, V., Gleye, C., Fall, D., Hoglinger, G.U., Ruberg, M., Lannuzel, A., Laprevote, O., Laurens, A. & Hocquemiller, R. Quantification of acetogenins in Annona muricata linked to atypical parkinsonism in guadeloupe, Mov Disord, 2005, 20.1629- 33.
66. Parati, E.A., Fetoni, V., Geminiani, G.C., Soliveri, P., Giovannini, P., Testa, D., Genitrini, S., Caraceni, T. & Girotti, F. Response to L-DOPA in multiple system atrophy, Clin Neuropharmacol, 1993, 16.139-44.
67. Nieforth, K.A. & Golbe, L.I. Retrospective study of drug response in 87 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy, Clin Neuropharmacol, 1993, 16.338-46.
68. O'Neill, T.P. & Brody, M.J. Role for the median preoptic nucleus in centrally evoked pressor responses, Am J Physiol, 1987, 252.R1165-72.
69. McKinley, M.J., Denton, D.A. & Weisinger, R.S. Sensors for antidiuresis and thirst-- osmoreceptors or CSF sodium detectors? Brain Res, 1978, 141.89-103.
70. Stamey, W., Davidson, A. & Jankovic, J. Shoulder pain: a presenting symptom of Parkinson disease, J Clin Rheumatol, 2008, 14.253-4.
71. von Lewinski, F., Werner, C., Jorn, T., Mohr, A., Sixel-Doring, F. & Trenkwalder, C. T2*- weighted MRI in diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. A practical approach for clinicians, J Neurol, 2007, 254.1184-8.
72. Ray, J.P., Russchen, F.T., Fuller, T.A. & Price, J.L. Sources of presumptive glutamatergic/aspartatergic afferents to the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in the rat, J Comp Neurol, 1992, 320.435-56.
73. Vallet, P.G. & Baertschi, A.J. Spinal afferents for peripheral osmoreceptors in the rat, Brain Res, 1982, 239.271-4.
74. Montpetit, V., Clapin, D.F. & Guberman, A. Substructure of 20 nm filaments of progressive supranuclear palsy, Acta Neuropathol, 1985, 68.311-8.
75. Spillantini, M.G. & Goedert, M. Tau protein pathology in neurodegenerative diseases, Trends Neurosci, 1998, 21.428-33.
76. Nath, U. & Burn, D.J. The epidemiology of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele- Richardson-Olszewski syndrome), Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2000, 6.145-153.
77. Troost, B.T. & Daroff, R.B. The ocular motor defects in progressive supranuclear palsy, Ann Neurol, 1977, 2.397-403.
78. McKinley, M.J. & Johnson, A.K. The physiological regulation of thirst and fluid intake, News Physiol Sci, 2004, 19.1-6.
79. Nath, U., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Thomson, R.G., Morris, H.R., Wood, N.W., Lees, A.J. & Burn, D.J. The prevalence of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome) in the UK, Brain, 2001, 124.1438-49.
80. Wenning, G.K., Geser, F. & Poewe, W. The 'risus sardonicus' of multiple system atrophy, Mov Disord, 2003, 18.1211.
81. Lind, R.W., Thunhorst, R.L. & Johnson, A.K. The subfornical organ and the integration of multiple factors in thirst, Physiol Behav, 1984, 32.69-74.
82. Seppi, K., Schocke, M.F.H., Prennschuetz-Schuetzenau, K., Mair, K.J., Esterhammer, R., Kremser, C., Muigg, A., Scherfler, C., Jaschke, W., Wenning, G.K. & Poewe, W. Topography of putaminal degeneration in multiple system atrophy: a diffusion magnetic resonance study, Mov Disord, 2006, 21.847-52.
83. Walter, U., Dressler, D., Probst, T., Wolters, A., Abu-Mugheisib, M., Wittstock, M. & Benecke, R. Transcranial brain sonography findings in discriminating between parkinsonism and idiopathic Parkinson disease, Arch Neurol, 2007, 64.1635-40.
84. Transcranial sonography of the substantia nigra in Japanese patients with Parkinson's disease or atypical parkinsonism: clinical potential and limitations, Intern Med, 2007, 46.1527-31.
85. Litvan, I. Update on epidemiological aspects of progressive supranuclear palsy, Mov Disord, 2003, 18 Suppl 6.S43-50.
86. Steenbergen, C., Hill, M.L. & Jennings, R.B. Volume regulation and plasma membrane injury in aerobic, anaerobic, and ischemic myocardium in vitro. Effects of osmotic cell swelling on plasma membrane integrity, Circ Res, 1985, 57.864-75.
87. Perneczky, R., Diehl-Schmid, J., Forstl, H., Drzezga, A., May, F. & Kurz, A. Urinary incontinence and its functional anatomy in frontotemporal lobar degenerations, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2008, 35.605-10.
88. Salmon, E., Van der Linden, M.V. & Franck, G. Anterior cingulate and motor network metabolic impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy, Neuroimage, 1997, 5.173-8.
89. Williams, D.R., Watt, H.C. & Lees, A.J. Predictors of falls and fractures in bradykinetic rigid syndromes: a retrospective study, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2006, 77.468-73.
90. Wermuth, L., Joensen, P., Bunger, N. & Jeune, B. High prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the Faroe Islands, Neurology, 1997, 49.426-32.
91. & Sch, A randomized trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease, N Engl J Med, 2006, 355.896-908.
92. Riley, D., Lang, A.E., Blair, R.D., Birnbaum, A. & Reid, B. Frozen shoulder and other shoulder disturbances in Parkinson's disease, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1989, 52.63-6.
93. Collins, S.J., Ahlskog, J.E., Parisi, J.E. & Maraganore, D.M. Progressive supranuclear palsy: neuropathologically based diagnostic clinical criteria, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1995, 58.167-73.
94. Litvan, I., Mangone, C.A., McKee, A., Verny, M., Parsa, A., Jellinger, K., D'Olhaberriague, L., Chaudhuri, K.R. & Pearce, R.K. Natural history of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele- Richardson-Olszewski syndrome) and clinical predictors of survival: a clinicopathological study, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1996b, 60.615-20.
95. Clarke, C.E. & Davies, P. Systematic review of acute levodopa and apomorphine challenge tests in the diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2000, 69.590-4.
96. Denton, D., Shade, R., Zamarippa, F., Egan, G., Blair-West, J., McKinley, M., Lancaster, J. & Fox, P. Neuroimaging of genesis and satiation of thirst and an interoceptor-driven theory of origins of primary consciousness, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1999a, 27;96.5304-9.
97. Denton, D., Shade, R., Zamarippa, F., Egan, G., Blair-West, J., McKinley, M. & Fox, P. Correlation of regional cerebral blood flow and change of plasma sodium concentration during genesis and satiation of thirst, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1999b, 96.2532-7.
98. Dickson, D.W. Neuropathologic differentiation of progressive supranuclear palsy and
99. Marek, K.L., Seibyl, J.P., Zoghbi, S.S., Zea-Ponce, Y., Baldwin, R.M., Fussell, B., Charney, D.S., van Dyck, C., Hoffer, P.B. & Innis, R.P. 123I] beta-CIT/SPECT imaging demonstrates bilateral loss of dopamine transporters in hemi-Parkinson's disease, Neurology, 1996, 46.231- 7.
100. Tolosa, E., Wenning, G. & Poewe, W. The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, Lancet Neurol, 2006, 5.75-86.

Das Dokument ist im Internet frei zugänglich - Hinweise zu den Nutzungsrechten